Thursday, January 5, 2017

Do you wish you could save your favorite YouTube or Hulu video to watch when you don't have an internet connection? There are a variety of ways that you can download or save streaming videos from the internet. The method you use will depend on where you're streaming the video from and on whether or not the video content is protected. Sites like with free videos from multiple sources (e.g. YouTube and Vimeo) tend to be unprotected and a bit simpler. Sites with video content from one branded source (e.g. Netflix, Hulu, or other TV network sites) are a bit tougher to capture streams from, and thus require more creative solutions.
[[Category:Downloading]]
[[Category:Internet Browsers]]
== Steps ==
===Screen-Capturing and Saving Protected Video===
#Determine if the video is protected. This is a more difficult and indirect method that should be employed (primarily) for subscription-based sites (e.g. Netflix, Hulu, HBOgo, etc..) with videos that are protected from any direct downloads. If you're unsure we recommend trying an alternate (simpler) method first in order to check.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 1 Version 5.jpg|center]]
#*This method has you recording your screen and computer audio using free recording software and will require you to play the entire video at normal playback speed in order to create a full recording.
#*Note: This still requires a subscription to whichever service you want to record the video from in order to access the content.
#Download Open Broadcaster Software (OBS). This is a free, open-source recording and broadcasting program. It is designed for broadcasting video to others, but can easily be used to capture your screen and computer audio. OBS is available for Windows, Mac, and Linux. You can download it from {{samp|obsproject.com}}.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 2 Version 5.jpg|center]]
#Run the installer to install OBS. Run the installer after downloading it. The installation process is very straightforward, and you shouldn't need to change any of the settings.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 3 Version 5.jpg|center]]
#Launch OBS after installing it. You'll be greeted with the main OBS interface. You'll see a large blank frame in the center, and various options along the bottom of the window.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 4 Version 5.jpg|center]]
#Click the "Settings" button. You'll want to make a few adjustments before you start recording with OBS. You'll only need to do this the first time you use it.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 5 Version 5.jpg|center]]
#Select the "Output" tab. You'll be able to adjust your recording settings here.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 6 Version 4.jpg|center]]
#Set your recording path. By default, OBS will save your videos to the Videos folder. You can change this to any folder you'd like by clicking the "Browse" button.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 7 Version 4.jpg|center]]
#Select "mp4" from the "Recording Format" menu. This will create MP4 files, which are compatible with the most devices.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 8 Version 4.jpg|center]]
#Click the "Video" tab. This will let you adjust some resolution settings.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 9 Version 4.jpg|center]]
#Set the "Output (Scaled) Resolution". Match it to "Base (Canvas) Resolution". This will ensure that your HD video recordings stay at the highest possible resolution.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 10 Version 4.jpg|center]]
#Click the "Hotkeys" tab. You can set a key to quickly start and stop the recording so that you don't have to switch between the OBS window and the video.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 11 Version 4.jpg|center]]
#Click the "Start Recording" field and create a hotkey shortcut. You can press any combination of keys. Make sure to choose a combination that isn't normally used, like {{keypress|Ctrl|F12}}.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 12 Version 4.jpg|center]]
#Set the same hotkey combination for '''"Stop Recording."''' You'll now be able to start and stop recording by pressing the same hotkey combination.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 13 Version 4.jpg|center]]
#Click "OK" to save your changes. The Settings window will close.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 14 Version 4.jpg|center]]
#Get your video queued up in your browser. Use your web browser to log into the video service and find the video you want to record.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 15 Version 4.jpg|center]]
#Click the "+" button underneath the empty "Sources" list in OBS. This will open a list of possible recording sources.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 16 Version 4.jpg|center]]
#Select "Display Capture" from the list and click '''"OK."''' This will tell OBS to record everything on the screen when you press your recording hotkey. You'll see a preview of the capture, which should be a miniature version of your current display.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 17 Version 4.jpg|center]]
#Uncheck "Capture Cursor" and click '''"OK."''' This will prevent OBS from recording your cursor on the screen, which is great for recording video content.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 18 Version 4.jpg|center]]
#Return to the video and make it full screen. Click the Full Screen button, usually located in the bottom-right corner of the playback controls.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 19 Version 4.jpg|center]]
#Start the video and then press your recording hotkey. You won't receive any notification that recording has begun.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 20 Version 4.jpg|center]]
#Press the hotkey again when you want to stop recording. Since you're recording your screen directly, you'll need to wait until you've played everything that you want to record. Again, there won't be a notification that recording has stopped.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 21 Version 4.jpg|center]]
#Find your recorded video. You'll find the video in the location that you specified in the Settings menu. By default, it will have the date it was recorded as the file name.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 22 Version 3.jpg|center]]
===Using Downloader Sites for Unprotected Streaming Video===
#Choose a web-based downloader. Use this method to download videos from popular free streaming sites. You can use these web-based downloaders for unprotected/unencrypted videos on sites like YouTube, Vimeo, Soundcloud, Vine, and more. They will not work for subscription sites like Netflix or Hulu which are protected. A few of the more popular video downloader sites include Keepvid, Clipconverter, Videograbby, and Savido.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 23 Version 4.jpg|center]]
#*Consider installing an ad-blocking extension. Many of these sites have a lot of ads which can misdirect you or even infect your computer with malware. See [[Block Internet Ads]] for a guide on finding and installing an ad blocker for your browser.
#*Microsoft Edge does not support ad blocking extensions. Consider using another browser to download your videos, or just be careful when using the downloader site.
#Open the video's page in your browser. Navigate to the streaming site and open the video's page so that the video is ready to begin playing.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 24 Version 4.jpg|center]]
#Highlight the URL (address). Select the entire URL in your browser's address bar. Make sure you have the whole thing selected. You can press {{keypress|Ctrl}}/{{keypress|Cmd|A}} to select the entire thing.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 25 Version 4.jpg|center]]
#Copy the URL to your clipboard. Either right-click the highlighted URL and select "Copy," or press {{keypress|Ctrl}}/{{keypress|Cmd|C}}.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 26 Version 4.jpg|center]]
#Paste your URL to the web-based downloader. Open the downloader site that you want to use and paste your video URL into the appropriate text field. Paste your URL into this by right-clicking the field and selecting "Paste," or by clicking in the field then pressing {{keypress|Ctrl}}/{{keypress|Cmd|V}}.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 27 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#Click the "Download" button to view your format and quality options. When you click "Download," a new page will open with a list of available formats and resolutions.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 28 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#*Note: if you're using Videograbby, instead of being presented with options, your file will immediately begin downloading at the highest available quality in MP4 format.
#*Be careful if you're not using an ad-blocker, as some ads try to trick you with fake "Download" buttons.
#Look through the list of available formats and resolutions. There will often be quite a few options to pick from, all with different formats and resolutions.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 29 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#*The MP4 format is the most universal option and will work on most devices with needing conversion.
#*The highest quality video will usually be 720p (1280x720). The 1080p option will often have separate audio and video streams, which will require combining later.
#*Select the highest quality option for computers or most modern portable devices.
#Click the link to begin downloading the video. The video should begin downloading to your computer immediately.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 30 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#*If the video starts playing your browser instead of downloading, return to the list of downloads, right-click the link, and select "Save link as."
#Find and play your downloaded video. The video will usually appear in your default download folder, unless you were prompted to select a location and chose somewhere else.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 31 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#*Some services will rename the video to "videoplayback" instead of the title of the video.
#*If you are having trouble playing the video it may be a file extension issue, as certain players don't accept certain video file extensions. Try an open-source media player like [[Download and Install VLC Media Player|VLC]] or MPC-HC - these accept multiple extension types and should be able to play your video if the download was completed correctly.
===Using Extensions or Add-ons for Streaming Video===
#Find the video download helper extension. Video Download helper is an extension available in Chrome and Firefox (also called an "add on") which once installed can help you download from most free streaming sites, including YouTube, Vimeo, and many others.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 32 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#*Click the Firefox Menu button (☰) and select '''"Add-ons."''' This will open the "Get Add-ons" page.
#*Chrome has a similar extension page accessed through it's menu button (☰).
#*You can also search through Google or a different search engine for either extension.
#Search for '''"video downloadhelper."''' You should see "Video DownloadHelper" at the top of the list of search results.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 33 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#Click "Install" next to Video DownloadHelper. This will immediately install the extension, which should only take a few moments. You'll see the Video DownloadHelper button appear in the Firefox/Chrome toolbar.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 34 Version 2.jpg|center]]
#Visit the page for the video you want to download. Go to the video streaming site and open the page of the video you want to download so that the video begins playing. You'll see the Video DownloadHelper button start animating in the browser toolbar.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 35.jpg|center]]
#Click the Video DownloadHelper button. A list of possible formats and quality options will appear in a new menu.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 36.jpg|center]]
#Select the format and quality you want. The option you choose can have a big impact on image quality and playability.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 37.jpg|center]]
#*If you're planning on watching the video on your computer or modern mobile device, select the "1280x720" MP4 option this will work on virtually all modern computers and devices. This is usually the first option on the list.
#Choose a location and name for the file. After selecting the format, the Save As window will appear. Navigate to the location you want to save the file to, then give the file a name.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 38.jpg|center]]
#Wait for the video to download. You can monitor the progress in the browser's Download Manager.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 39.jpg|center]]
#Find and play your video. Once the download is complete, you'll be able to find the video in the location you specified. If you're having difficulty getting the file to play, try VLC Player or MPC-HC. Both of these media players are free, open-source, and accept a variety of video file extensions.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 40.jpg|center]]
===Using VLC for Streaming Video===
#Download and install VLC Player. VLC Player can access the direct video file and download it to your computer. You can search for and download VLC for free. Follow the prompts in the installer to install it. VLC will not install any adware.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 41.jpg|center]]
#*VLC Player is available for Windows, Mac, and Linux.
#*This method will work for free streaming sites like YouTube and Vimeo. It will not work for subscription sites like Netflix or Hulu.
#Copy the address of the video you want to download. You'll need the URL of the video you want to download from its page. Open the video in your web browser so that it starts playing, then copy the address from your address bar.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 42.jpg|center]]
#Click the "Media" menu in VLC and select '''"Open Network Stream."''' You can also press {{keypress|Ctrl}}\{{keypress|Cmd|N}}.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 43.jpg|center]]
#Paste the video's address into the box. Right-click the address box and select "Paste" to paste the copied address.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 44.jpg|center]]
#Click '''"Play."''' The video will begin playing in VLC Player.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 45.jpg|center]]
#Click the "Tools" menu and select '''"Codec Information."''' You can also press {{keypress|Ctrl}}\{{keypress|Cmd|J}}.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 46.jpg|center]]
#Right-click the text in the "Location" box and click '''"Select all."''' The "Location" box can be found at the bottom of the Current Media Information window.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 47.jpg|center]]
#Right-click the selected text and click '''"Copy."''' This will copy the text in the "Location" box to your clipboard.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 48.jpg|center]]
#Paste the copied text into your browser and load the page. The video will appear in your browser and start to play. You shouldn't see anything on the page except the video.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 49.jpg|center]]
#Right-click the video playing in your browser and select '''"Save video as."''' The Save As window will appear.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 50.jpg|center]]
#Save the video to your computer. You'll likely want to rename the video before saving it, as it will be named "videoplayback" by default. This will save the video to your computer at the highest quality possible in MP4 format.[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 51.jpg|center]]
#Find and play your saved video. You'll be able to find the video in the location you set in the previous step. Since the video will be in MP4 format, you should be able to play it on most computers and devices.<ref>http://lifehacker.com/the-best-hidden-features-of-vlc-1654434241</ref>[[Image:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free Step 52.jpg|center]]

== Video ==
{{Video:Download Any Video from Any Website for Free|}}
== Related wikiHows ==
*[[Download YouTube Videos from Web Freer]]
==Sources and Citations==
{{reflist}}
__METHODS__

Wednesday, January 4, 2017

Sonu Kumar

Well, good morning sir/madam,

Hi Friends, my name is shivaji rao patil from Hyderabad. I parsuing my B-Tech in stream of computer science and engineering from nict college, xxx with aggregate 65%. I have completed HSC from GURU BASAVA junior college with aggregate of 6% and SSC from Pratibha we. N. High school with aggregate 73%.

We are five in my family. My father is a private employee and my mother is a homemaker. I have two sibblings.

About my achievements, I never made any achievements at state level. But in my schooling I got certificate in singing level competition. In college I got NSS certificate which I participated as volunteer in my 1st year of engineering.

My strengths are hardworker, self motivating and dedicated towards my work. And also I'm a good learner as well as teacher.

My hobbies are making crafts, painting, surfing net.

My short term goal to get placed in well reputed company.

My long term goal to palced in any mnc company and give my best to your.

Organisation.

As a fresher, I don't have any working experience, but I will prove once the opportunity comes.

FOR EXAMPLE:2

Good morning mam/sir.

It's my pleasure to introduce my self..well, I'm Rehana born and raised in Anantapur.
I have done my schooling in Little flower Montessori English Medium High School with 77% ,then i did my plus 12 from S.S.B.N junior college with 77.7% and now i'm pursuing my final year B.tech from Anantha Lakshmi Institute of Technology and Sciences Anantapur with an aggregate of 78.33%

My strengths are my attitude that i like to take challenges that I CAN do it,my way of thinking that i take both success and failure in a balanced manner..
I dont like to say weakness but i like to say scope for improvement that is i wont leave any ask in completely,i believe in my self and my hard work and i want perfection in every thing.

My short term goal is i want a such a platform where i can grow my career along with the organisation growth like yours and
My Long term goal is i want to be one of the reason for the success of the organisation and i want to seeyour organisation as a bench mark to other organisations.

My ethic is "i never neglect an opportunity for my improvement".

thats all about me sir....thank you for giving me such a wonderful oppurtunity.

FOR EXAMPLE:3

My name is XXX and I am from Chennai. I am currently studying Finance and Economics at Hong Kong University. I was raised in Bengalu and when I was 18 I moved to Hong Kong to take my university study. Last year I went to London to join the school's exchange program. During my exchange I went backpacking with other backpackers from all over the world to other countries across Europe. It was a fun experience. I think I have been fortunate enough to be able to live in different parts of the world and thus be able to broaden my horizon.

I have a strong interest in banking and financial services industry. The reason is I'd like to leverage my detail-oriented mind and apply the skills and knowledge that I have attained throughout my degree courses. I see myself as a people-oriented and over-achiever person. I demonstrated this through working in various group projects with different types of people in which I had been able to perform well.

I would like to be part of your company to further develop myself in banking field and to use my capabilities to serve both your company and your clients.

(Note: all locations here are fiction, the rest is based on my factual experience even though some parts have been distorted a little bit. The purpose is just to let you know a structure of self-introduction that I think is good and appropriate.)

FOR EXAMPLE:4
Good morning sir/madam,

It's my pleasure to introduce myself. I'm sunil from delhi. Currently, I'm pursing my final year electronics and communication engineering from meri college of engg n tech with an aggregate of 79%. I completed my +2 from government co edu senior secondary school also I have done my schooling from same school
My father is a government employee and my mother is house wife

My strengths are my attitude that I like to take challenges that I CAN do it, self motivated person, self disciplined I am a good team player as well as has a good ability to lead the team. I can adopt to any kind of environment. I am a good listener and quick learner.

My weakness is I can not tolrete any leniency in work
My short term goal is I want a such a platform where I can grow my career along with the organisation growth like yours and.

My Long term goal is I want to be one of the reason for the success of the organisation and I want to see your organisation as a bench mark to other organisations

Thats all about me sir. Thank you for giving me such a wonderful oppurtunity.

FOR EXAMPLE:5

Good morning sir/madam;

Firstly I would like to thank you for giving me this opportunity and it's my pleasure to introduce myself.

I am arun from erode tamil nadu. I completed my BCOM with CA from arulanadar college it affiliated to Madurai kamaraj university with 64.5% and i have completed my +2 from government higher secondary school with 63.58%.I have done my schooling from same school.

Telling me about my family my mother working in school my father was passed away And coming to my hobbies are net surfing, playing chess.

I am fresher and have no work experience in any company.

My strength is i can adopt easily in any type of environment.

My short term goal is to get placed in a reputed company like yours which will give me an opportunity to enhance my skills and Knowledge.

My long term goal would be reaching the higher position in your company.


That's all about me sir .Thank you for giving such a wonderful opportunity.

FOR EXAMPLE:6

Good morning mam/sir.

It's my pleasure to introduce my self. Well, I'm VINITHA born and raised in Anantapur.

I have done my schooling in Little flower Montessori English Medium High School with, then I did my plus 12 from NARAYANA JR COLLEGE and now I'm pursuing my final year B-Tech from CBIT.

My strengths are my attitude that I like to take challenges that I CAN do it, my way of thinking that I take both success and failure in a balanced manner.

I don't like to say weakness but I like to say scope for improvement that is I won't leave any ask in completely, I believe in my self and my hard work and I want perfection in every thing.

My short term goal is I want a such a platform where I can grow my career along with the organisation growth like yours and.

My Long term goal is I want to be one of the reason for the success of the organisation and I want to seeyour organisation as a bench mark to other organisations.

My ethic is "i never neglect an opportunity for my improvement".

Thats all about me sir. Thank you for giving me such a wonderful oppurtunity.

FOR EXAMPLE:7

Good morning sir/madam;

Firstly I would like to thank you for giving me this opportunity and it's my pleasure to introduce myself.

I am satyagiri from A.P. I have completed my M.C.A from swami ramananda college of engineering with an aggregate of 74%.I completed my UG from Ekashila college it affiliated to kakatiya university with 60% and i have completed my +2 from s.v college with 65%.I have done my schooling from Z.P,H.S high school.

Telling me about my family bock ground my father is former and my mother is helping to my father.we are four siblings my elder brother is teacher and my younger brothers are studying.And coming to my hobbies are net surfing,playing cricket.

I am fresher and have no work experience in any company.

My strength is i can adopt easily in any type of environment.

My short term goal is to get placed in a reputed company like yours which will give me an opportunity to enhance my skills and Knowledge.

MY long term goal is i want to be one of the reason for success of the organization and i want to be one of responsible person in organization growth.

that's all about me sir .Thank you for giving such a wonderful opportunity.

FOR EXAMPLE:8


Good evening sir/madam
I am glad to be here for this interview.thanks for given this chance to show myself.

My name is XXX from YYY.I have a B.Tech degree with a major in Information Technology field.Graduated in XXX college in 2011 and secured 74% mark in degree.

I am seeking an opportunity to work as a software engineer.As i have the necessary skills you specified for the educational qualification and having solution based thinking in every tasks,I will work in time and fulfill the tasks allotted to me.

I was not achieve big,but i was the one of the good in the environment i met.I got prizes for my academic excellence.

My good thing is positive thinking.My negative point is i would like to do everything with myself,its from my childhood habit and i get some more experience by being like this.

My goal:i always wants to finish my every day work correctly.It will lead me to a good position.

My roll model is YYYY because of his effective use of time and the way communicate with others.

Telling about my family background,My mum is working as a school teacher and my sister is studying BE.As my mum and relatives are educated,i bought up by them well discipline and correct in my work.

I am expecting to be a colleague in someday.

FOR EXAMPLE:9

Good morning sir/madam,
I am Mukesh Kumar,Basically I am from Bihar.I belongs to Vaishali District.I am belongs to a family where discipline does matter.My father is in police department and my mother is housewife. I have 2 brother and 2 sister.

About My qualification, I have completed Bachelor of engg. from cec bilaspur in the year 2011. I have done +2 from Kendriya Vidyalaya Jawaharnagar located at Bihar and I have done schooling from sitamarhi high school which is near at my hometown.

A part from that I have also completed MCP Certtification in ASP.NET with version 2.0.

I am a good listener as well as good learner.I can hard work to achieve my targets in time. I am self confident,positive attitude and patience.

My hobbies including to help my mother in her some time work and listining music.

My short term goal is to join your organization and enhance my skills. My long term goal is to see your organization at peak level where I am one of the person responsible for it.

About My achievements I have choosen vice president of my college in my final year and I have scored 83% in MCP certification.

My weakness is fear,But I will overcome from this.

FOR EXAMPLE:10


(This is not a big introduction.Try to say it and you will see it finishes in less than 2mins.But I occasionally added some comments with in () to give you some tips.I hope it helps)

Hello Sir/mam;

It's my pleasure to introduce myself to you.My name is Yashaswini Mohanty.I was born and raised in Cuttack city of Odisha.I completed my education from there as well(Not mentioning the details of education,because it's already on my cv).

I have a beautiful family of five members.My father is a retired Govt Employee.My mother is a homemaker.I have two elder sisters and both of them work in different MNCs.

My hobbies are drawing,painting,reading books(say this only if you read some nice motivational books.They might ask you to name some of the books you read. Then if you will say something like Harry Potter and Twilight,it will show how childish you are.)

My achievements are,I was selected as the class representative in my college.(Shows your managerial skills).I self taught myself photoshop and participated in many online digital art competitions.I was selected in State Talent Scholarship Examinations conducted by World Health & Education services of Odisha.I have participated in many blood donation camps by Red Cross Organizations.

My greatest strength are I'm a fast learner,smart and hard worker.(Mention Hardwork after Smart work.They always need organized smart worker than hard but dumb workers.I was told this by a HR and member of interview panel board.)My greatest weakness are my love for food,but I'm trying to overcome that.(You can add something really unimportant thing that won't affect your work.Or you can say my weakness I don't have any real time experience in the software field as I'm a fresher.As said by Jothi Boss,but different interviewers can take different meaning out of it.)

My short term goal is to be placed in a MNC and my long term goal is to be the member of the team that is responsible for the success of the organization I'm placed in.

That is all about myself and thank you for giving me an opportunity to introduce myself to you.

Ps:-I tried to keep this informative as well as short and free of errors,but if did some mistakes,then let me know :)

Sonusine.com

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML+RDFa 1.0//EN" "http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/DTD/xhtml-rdfa-1.dtd">
<!-- saved from url=(0069)https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html -->
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" class="wf-trajanpro3-n4-active wf-trajanpro3-n6-active wf-active"><!--<![endif]--><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><script type="text/javascript" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/shares.json"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/300lo.json"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/_ate.track.config_resp"></script>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>How to Write an Introduction | Scribendi.com</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/style.5650.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/bootstrap.shiv.min.5650.css">
<meta name="description" content="Learn how to write an introduction to an essay with this powerful advice.">
<meta name="keywords" content="Introduction, essay introduction, introduction essay, the introduction, how to write an introduction, writing introduction, introduction writing">
<meta name="author" content="Scribendi Inc">
<meta name="copyright" content="Scribendi Inc 1997 - 2017">
<meta name="robots" content="index, follow"> <meta name="verify-v1" content="xciy8G7fpADFiCJen5kSrlT1fpYzmj+5EGNTY2Wgz+0=">

<meta property="og:title" content="How to Write an Introduction | Scribendi.com">
<meta property="og:image" content="http://www.scribendi.com/images/cms/essay-introduction.jpg">
<meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://www.scribendi.com/images/cms/essay-introduction.jpg">
<meta property="og:type" content="article">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.scribendi.com/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
<link rel="home" title="Home" href="https://www.scribendi.com/">
<link rel="help" title="Help" href="https://www.scribendi.com/faq/">
<link rel="search" title="Search" href="https://www.scribendi.com/search">
<link rel="author" title="Author" href="https://plus.google.com/+Scribendi">
<link rel="glossary" title="Glossary" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/glossary">
<link rel="copyright" title="Terms of Use" href="https://www.scribendi.com/terms">
<script type="text/javascript" async="" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/linkid.js.download"></script><script src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/bat.js.download" async=""></script><script async="" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/analytics.js.download"></script><script async="" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/fbevents.js.download"></script><script type="text/javascript" async="" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/gate.js.download"></script><script src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/nws7ubm.js.download" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript">

(function(d){var config={kitId:'nws7ubm',scriptTimeout:3000,async:true},h=d.documentElement,t=setTimeout(function(){h.className=h.className.replace(/\bwf-loading\b/g,"")+" wf-inactive";},config.scriptTimeout),tk=d.createElement("script"),f=false,s=d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0],a;h.className+=" wf-loading";tk.src='https://use.typekit.net/'+config.kitId+'.js';tk.async=true;tk.onload=tk.onreadystatechange=function(){a=this.readyState;if(f||a&&a!="complete"&&a!="loaded")return;f=true;clearTimeout(t);try{Typekit.load(config)}catch(e){}};s.parentNode.insertBefore(tk,s)})(document);


    ;if(typeof ROIStorage === 'undefined') {
        (function(d,b,c,f){d[b]={};d[b].windowName=d.name;d[b].GoogleAnalyticsObject=c;d[b].q=[];d[c]=function(){d[b].q.push(arguments)};d[c].q=d[c].q||[];d[b].roiq=[];d[b].analyticsJsNotLoaded=true;d[c].q.push([function(){d[b].realGa=d[c];d[b].analyticsJsNotLoaded=false;d[c]=function(){if(typeof arguments[0]==="function"){d[b].realGa(arguments)}else{d[b].q.push(arguments)}};d[b].roiq.push=function(){d[b].realGa.apply(d,arguments)};for(f=0;f<d[b].roiq.length;f+=1){d[b].realGa.call(d,d[b].roiq[f])}}])})(window,"ROIStorage","ga");ROIStorage.gaq=ROIStorage.gaq||[];window._gaq={push:function(){var a;for(a=0;a<arguments.length;a++){ROIStorage.gaq.push(arguments[a])}}};var _gaq=window._gaq;
        (function(){
            var ga=document.createElement('script');ga.type='text/javascript';ga.async=true;
            ga.src='/gate.js';
            var s=document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga,s);
        })();
    }
    !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod?n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;
        n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;
        t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window,document,'script','//connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js');
    fbq('init', '944368708983189'); fbq('track', "PageView");

</script>
<script src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/135617100.js.download"></script>
    <!--[if lt IE 9]>
        <script src="/javascript/lib/html5shiv-respond.min.js"></script>
    <![endif]--><style type="text/css">@font-face{font-family:tk-trajan-pro-3-n4;src:url(https://use.typekit.net/af/c3b926/000000000000000000012e92/27/l?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n4&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("woff2"),url(https://use.typekit.net/af/c3b926/000000000000000000012e92/27/d?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n4&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("woff"),url(https://use.typekit.net/af/c3b926/000000000000000000012e92/27/a?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n4&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("opentype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;}@font-face{font-family:tk-trajan-pro-3-n6;src:url(https://use.typekit.net/af/a6c357/000000000000000000012e93/27/l?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n6&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("woff2"),url(https://use.typekit.net/af/a6c357/000000000000000000012e93/27/d?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n6&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("woff"),url(https://use.typekit.net/af/a6c357/000000000000000000012e93/27/a?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n6&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("opentype");font-weight:600;font-style:normal;}</style><style type="text/css">@font-face{font-family:trajan-pro-3;src:url(https://use.typekit.net/af/c3b926/000000000000000000012e92/27/l?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n4&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("woff2"),url(https://use.typekit.net/af/c3b926/000000000000000000012e92/27/d?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n4&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("woff"),url(https://use.typekit.net/af/c3b926/000000000000000000012e92/27/a?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n4&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("opentype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;}@font-face{font-family:trajan-pro-3;src:url(https://use.typekit.net/af/a6c357/000000000000000000012e93/27/l?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n6&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("woff2"),url(https://use.typekit.net/af/a6c357/000000000000000000012e93/27/d?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n6&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("woff"),url(https://use.typekit.net/af/a6c357/000000000000000000012e93/27/a?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n6&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("opentype");font-weight:600;font-style:normal;}</style>
<script src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/addthis_widget.js.download"></script><style type="text/css">.at-icon{fill:#fff;border:0}.at-icon-wrapper{display:inline-block;overflow:hidden}a .at-icon-wrapper{cursor:pointer}.at-rounded,.at-rounded-element .at-icon-wrapper{border-radius:12%}.at-circular,.at-circular-element .at-icon-wrapper{border-radius:50%}.addthis_32x32_style .at-icon{width:2pc;height:2pc}.addthis_24x24_style .at-icon{width:24px;height:24px}.addthis_20x20_style .at-icon{width:20px;height:20px}.addthis_16x16_style .at-icon{width:1pc;height:1pc}#at16lb{display:none;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:1001;background-color:#000;opacity:.001}#at_complete,#at_error,#at_share,#at_success{position:static!important}.at15dn{display:none}#at15s,#at16p,#at16p form input,#at16p label,#at16p textarea,#at_share .at_item{font-family:arial,helvetica,tahoma,verdana,sans-serif!important;font-size:9pt!important;outline-style:none;outline-width:0;line-height:1em}* html #at15s.mmborder{position:absolute!important}#at15s.mmborder{position:fixed!important;width:250px!important}#at15s{background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAABtJREFUeNpiZGBgaGAgAjAxEAlGFVJHIUCAAQDcngCUgqGMqwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==);float:none;line-height:1em;margin:0;overflow:visible;padding:5px;text-align:left;position:absolute}#at15s a,#at15s span{outline:0;direction:ltr;text-transform:none}#at15s .at-label{margin-left:5px}#at15s .at-icon-wrapper{width:1pc;height:1pc;vertical-align:middle}#at15s .at-icon{width:1pc;height:1pc}.at4-icon{display:inline-block;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:top left;margin:0;overflow:hidden;cursor:pointer}.addthis_16x16_style .at4-icon,.addthis_default_style .at4-icon,.at4-icon,.at-16x16{width:1pc;height:1pc;line-height:1pc;background-size:1pc!important}.addthis_32x32_style .at4-icon,.at-32x32{width:2pc;height:2pc;line-height:2pc;background-size:2pc!important}.addthis_24x24_style .at4-icon,.at-24x24{width:24px;height:24px;line-height:24px;background-size:24px!important}.addthis_20x20_style .at4-icon,.at-20x20{width:20px;height:20px;line-height:20px;background-size:20px!important}.at4-icon.circular,.circular .at4-icon,.circular.aticon{border-radius:50%}.at4-icon.rounded,.rounded .at4-icon{border-radius:4px}.at4-icon-left{float:left}#at15s .at4-icon{text-indent:20px;padding:0;overflow:visible;white-space:nowrap;background-size:1pc;width:1pc;height:1pc;background-position:top left;display:inline-block;line-height:1pc}.addthis_vertical_style .at4-icon,.at4-follow-container .at4-icon{margin-right:5px}html>body #at15s{width:250px!important}#at15s.atm{background:none!important;padding:0!important;width:10pc!important}#at15s_inner{background:#fff;border:1px solid #fff;margin:0}#at15s_head{position:relative;background:#f2f2f2;padding:4px;cursor:default;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5}.at15s_head_success{background:#cafd99!important;border-bottom:1px solid #a9d582!important}.at15s_head_success a,.at15s_head_success span{color:#000!important;text-decoration:none}#at15s_brand,#at15sptx,#at16_brand{position:absolute}#at15s_brand{top:4px;right:4px}.at15s_brandx{right:20px!important}a#at15sptx{top:4px;right:4px;text-decoration:none;color:#4c4c4c;font-weight:700}#at15sptx:hover{text-decoration:underline}#at16_brand{top:5px;right:30px;cursor:default}#at_hover{padding:4px}#at_hover .at_item,#at_share .at_item{background:#fff!important;float:left!important;color:#4c4c4c!important}#at_share .at_item .at-icon-wrapper{margin-right:5px}#at_hover .at_bold{font-weight:700;color:#000!important}#at_hover .at_item{width:7pc!important;padding:2px 3px!important;margin:1px;text-decoration:none!important}#at_hover .at_item.athov,#at_hover .at_item:focus,#at_hover .at_item:hover{margin:0!important}#at_hover .at_item.athov,#at_hover .at_item:focus,#at_hover .at_item:hover,#at_share .at_item.athov,#at_share .at_item:hover{background:#f2f2f2!important;border:1px solid #e5e5e5;color:#000!important;text-decoration:none}.ipad #at_hover .at_item:focus{background:#fff!important;border:1px solid #fff}.at15t{display:block!important;height:1pc!important;line-height:1pc!important;padding-left:20px!important;background-position:0 0;text-align:left}.addthis_button,.at15t{cursor:pointer}.addthis_toolbox a.at300b,.addthis_toolbox a.at300m{width:auto}.addthis_toolbox a{margin-bottom:5px;line-height:initial}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_vertical_style{width:200px}.addthis_button_facebook_like .fb_iframe_widget{line-height:100%}.addthis_button_facebook_like iframe.fb_iframe_widget_lift{max-width:none}.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_counter,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_facebook_like,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_facebook_send,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_facebook_share,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_foursquare,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_google_plusone,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_linkedin_counter,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_pinterest_pinit,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_stumbleupon_badge,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_tweet{display:inline-block}.at-share-tbx-element .google_plusone_iframe_widget>span>div{vertical-align:top!important}.addthis_toolbox span.addthis_follow_label{display:none}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_vertical_style span.addthis_follow_label{display:block;white-space:nowrap}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_vertical_style a{display:block}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_vertical_style.addthis_32x32_style a{line-height:2pc;height:2pc}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_vertical_style .at300bs{margin-right:4px;float:left}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_20x20_style span{line-height:20px}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_32x32_style span{line-height:2pc}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_pill_combo_style .addthis_button_compact .at15t_compact,.addthis_toolbox.addthis_pill_combo_style a{float:left}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_pill_combo_style a.addthis_button_tweet{margin-top:-2px}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_pill_combo_style .addthis_button_compact .at15t_compact{margin-right:4px}.addthis_default_style .addthis_separator{margin:0 5px;display:inline}div.atclear{clear:both}.addthis_default_style .addthis_separator,.addthis_default_style .at4-icon,.addthis_default_style .at300b,.addthis_default_style .at300bo,.addthis_default_style .at300bs,.addthis_default_style .at300m{float:left}.at300b img,.at300bo img{border:0}a.at300b .at4-icon,a.at300m .at4-icon{display:block}.addthis_default_style .at300b,.addthis_default_style .at300bo,.addthis_default_style .at300m{padding:0 2px}.at300b,.at300bo,.at300bs,.at300m{cursor:pointer}.addthis_button_facebook_like.at300b:hover,.addthis_button_facebook_like.at300bs:hover,.addthis_button_facebook_send.at300b:hover,.addthis_button_facebook_send.at300bs:hover{opacity:1}.addthis_20x20_style .at15t,.addthis_20x20_style .at300bs{overflow:hidden;display:block;height:20px!important;width:20px!important;line-height:20px!important}.addthis_32x32_style .at15t,.addthis_32x32_style .at300bs{overflow:hidden;display:block;height:2pc!important;width:2pc!important;line-height:2pc!important}.at300bs{overflow:hidden;display:block;background-position:0 0;height:1pc;width:1pc;line-height:1pc!important}.addthis_default_style .at15t_compact,.addthis_default_style .at15t_expanded{margin-right:4px}#at_share .at_item{width:123px!important;padding:4px;margin-right:2px;border:1px solid #fff}#at16p{background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAABtJREFUeNpiZGBgaGAgAjAxEAlGFVJHIUCAAQDcngCUgqGMqwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==);z-index:10000001;position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;width:300px;padding:10px;margin:0 auto;margin-top:-185px;margin-left:-155px;font-family:arial,helvetica,tahoma,verdana,sans-serif;font-size:9pt;color:#5e5e5e}#at_share{margin:0;padding:0}#at16pt{position:relative;background:#f2f2f2;height:13px;padding:5px 10px}#at16pt a,#at16pt h4{font-weight:700}#at16pt h4{display:inline;margin:0;padding:0;font-size:9pt;color:#4c4c4c;cursor:default}#at16pt a{position:absolute;top:5px;right:10px;color:#4c4c4c;text-decoration:none;padding:2px}#at15sptx:focus,#at16pt a:focus{outline:thin dotted}#at15s #at16pf a{top:1px}#_atssh{width:1px!important;height:1px!important;border:0!important}.atm{width:10pc!important;padding:0;margin:0;line-height:9pt;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:arial,helvetica,tahoma,verdana,sans-serif;font-size:9pt;color:#444;background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAABtJREFUeNpiZGBgaGAgAjAxEAlGFVJHIUCAAQDcngCUgqGMqwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==);padding:4px}.atm-f{text-align:right;border-top:1px solid #ddd;padding:5px 8px}.atm-i{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d5d6d6;padding:0;margin:0;box-shadow:1px 1px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.15)}.atm-s{margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.atm-s a:focus{border:transparent;outline:0;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none}#at_hover.atm-s a,.atm-s a{display:block;text-decoration:none;padding:4px 10px;color:#235dab!important;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none}#at_hover.atm-s .at_bold{color:#235dab!important}#at_hover.atm-s a:hover,.atm-s a:hover{background:#2095f0;text-decoration:none;color:#fff!important}#at_hover.atm-s .at_bold{font-weight:700}#at_hover.atm-s a:hover .at_bold{color:#fff!important}.atm-s a .at-label{vertical-align:middle;margin-left:5px;direction:ltr}.at_PinItButton{display:block;width:40px;height:20px;padding:0;margin:0;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/t00/pinit00.png);background-repeat:no-repeat}.at_PinItButton:hover{background-position:0 -20px}.addthis_toolbox .addthis_button_pinterest_pinit{position:relative}.at-share-tbx-element .fb_iframe_widget span{vertical-align:baseline!important}#at16pf{height:auto;text-align:right;padding:4px 8px}.at-privacy-info{position:absolute;left:7px;bottom:7px;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;font-family:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:10px;line-height:9pt;letter-spacing:.2px;color:#666}.at-privacy-info:hover{color:#000}.body .wsb-social-share .wsb-social-share-button-vert{padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0}.body .wsb-social-share.addthis_counter_style .addthis_button_tweet.wsb-social-share-button{padding-top:44px}.body .wsb-social-share.addthis_counter_style .addthis_button_google_plusone.wsb-social-share-button{padding-top:4px}@media print{#at4-follow,#at4-share,#at4-thankyou,#at4-whatsnext,#at4m-mobile,#at15s,.at4,.at4-recommended{display:none!important}}@media screen and (max-width:400px){.at4win{width:100%}}@media screen and (max-height:700px) and (max-width:400px){.at4-thankyou-inner .at4-recommended-container{height:122px;overflow:hidden}.at4-thankyou-inner .at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item:first-child{border-bottom:1px solid #c5c5c5}}</style><style type="text/css">.at-branding-logo{font-family:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;text-decoration:none;font-size:10px;display:inline-block;margin:2px 0;letter-spacing:.2px}.at-branding-logo .at-branding-icon{background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAMAAAC67D+PAAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAAZQTFRF////+GlNUkcc1QAAAB1JREFUeNpiYIQDBjQmAwMmkwEM0JnY1WIxFyDAABGeAFEudiZsAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC")}.at-branding-logo .at-branding-icon,.at-branding-logo .at-privacy-icon{display:inline-block;height:10px;width:10px;margin-left:4px;margin-right:3px;margin-bottom:-1px;background-repeat:no-repeat}.at-branding-logo .at-privacy-icon{background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAAKCAMAAABR24SMAAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAABhQTFRF8fr9ot/xXcfn2/P5AKva////////AKTWodjhjAAAAAd0Uk5T////////ABpLA0YAAAA6SURBVHjaJMzBDQAwCAJAQaj7b9xifV0kUKJ9ciWxlzWEWI5gMF65KUTv0VKkjVeTerqE/x7+9BVgAEXbAWI8QDcfAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC")}.at-branding-logo span{text-decoration:none}.at-branding-logo .at-branding-addthis,.at-branding-logo .at-branding-powered-by{color:#666}.at-branding-logo .at-branding-addthis:hover{color:#333}.at-cv-with-image .at-branding-addthis,.at-cv-with-image .at-branding-addthis:hover{color:#fff}a.at-branding-logo:visited{color:initial}.at-branding-info{display:inline-block;padding:0 5px;color:#666;border:1px solid #666;border-radius:50%;font-size:10px;line-height:9pt;opacity:.7;transition:all .3s ease;text-decoration:none}.at-branding-info span{border:0;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}.at-branding-info:before{content:'i';font-family:Times New Roman}.at-branding-info:hover{color:#0780df;border-color:#0780df}</style><script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8" async="" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/layers.2fa744d3f2a59f383f33.js.download"></script><script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8" async="" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/counter.5322ae7033633320c7ad.js.download"></script><style type="text/css">.addthis_counter{font-weight:700;display:inline-block;border:0;outline:0;cursor:pointer;color:#fff}.addthis_counter a{display:block;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif!important;text-decoration:none!important;border:0}.addthis_counter{text-decoration:none!important;text-align:left}.addthis_counter .addthis_button_expanded{background:url("data:image/png;base64,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");background-repeat:no-repeat;display:inline-block}.addthis_counter .atc_s{background:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUBAMAAAB/pwA+AAAAFVBMVEUAAAD///////////////////////9Iz20EAAAABnRSTlMAwPm7kB4+mBDvAAAAP0lEQVQI12MIVksDgyRTBrM0KEhmAApChRnS4ACdKcCIl5ko6MAiKAZmJjAAARsKE6GAsGE43IBwJLLTER4CAHvvQkc3Hji8AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC");background-size:10px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-color:#fe6d4c;background-position:5px 5px;display:inline-block;border-radius:2px;min-width:25px;text-decoration:none}.addthis_counter .atc_s:hover{background-color:#e75a3a}.addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{background-image:url("data:image/gif;base64,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");background-repeat:no-repeat}.addthis_counter a.atc_s{font-size:11px;font-weight:100;color:#fff;padding:0 5px 0 20px;line-height:20px;overflow:hidden;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none}.addthis_counter .atc_s-span,.addthis_counter a.atc_s{display:block;height:20px}.addthis_counter .addthis_button_expanded.at300m .at4-icon{display:none!important}.addthis_counter a.addthis_button_expanded:hover,.addthis_counter.addthis_pill_style a.addthis_button_expanded:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#000}.addthis_counter .addthis_button_expanded{display:block;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 -40px;width:50px;height:33px;line-height:33px;padding-bottom:4px;margin-bottom:3px;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;font-size:1pc;font-weight:700;color:#333}.addthis_counter{vertical-align:top}.addthis_counter.addthis_native_counter .addthis_button_expanded{font-weight:400}* html .addthis_counter.compatmode0 .addthis_button_expanded{padding-bottom:0!important}* html .addthis_counter .addthis_button_expanded{height:37px}.addthis_counter .addthis_button_expanded:hover{background-position:0 -77px;cursor:pointer;color:#000}.addthis_counter .addthis_button_expanded .at300bs{display:none!important}.addthis_counter.addthis_pill_style{display:block;height:25px;overflow:hidden}.addthis_counter.addthis_pill_style a.atc_s{float:left}.addthis_counter.addthis_pill_style a.addthis_button_expanded{display:none;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 -114px;width:34px!important;height:20px;line-height:20px;margin:0 0 0 3px;padding:0 0 0 4px;float:left;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-size:11px;color:#333;-ms-box-sizing:content-box;-o-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}.addthis_counter.addthis_pill_style.addthis_nonzero a.addthis_button_expanded{display:block!important;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none}.addthis_counter.addthis_pill_style a.addthis_button_expanded:hover{background-position:0 -134px!important}.addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{margin:0 0 0 -2px;text-align:center;font-weight:700;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#000;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 -4pc;padding:0 0 0 4px;height:1pc;width:2pc!important;-ms-box-sizing:content-box;-o-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}.addthis_native_counter_parent .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{background-position:0 -4pc!important}.addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style.addthis_native_counter{margin:0 2px}.addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style a.addthis_button_expanded{font-size:11px;height:1pc;line-height:1pc;width:34px;background:none}.addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style:hover{background-position:-36px -4pc!important}.addthis_20x20_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 -5pc!important;height:20px;width:35px!important;line-height:20px;padding:0 0 0 6px}.addthis_20x20_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style:hover{background-position:-41px -5pc!important}.addthis_20x20_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style a.addthis_button_expanded{background:none;font-size:9pt;line-height:20px;height:20px;margin:0;width:35px!important;padding:0!important}.addthis_20x20_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style.addthis_native_counter a.addthis_button_expanded{font-size:11px}.addthis_32x32_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style,.addthis_32x32_white_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 0!important;height:2pc;width:56px!important;line-height:2pc;padding:0 0 0 6px}.addthis_32x32_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style a.addthis_button_expanded,.addthis_32x32_white_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style a.addthis_button_expanded{background:none;font-size:1pc;line-height:2pc;height:2pc;margin:0;width:56px!important;padding:0!important}.addthis_32x32_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style:hover,.addthis_32x32_white_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style:hover{background-position:0 -2pc!important}.addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style .atc_s{display:none!important}* html .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{width:36px!important;display:inline}* html .addthis_counter.bubblecompatmode0{width:2pc!important;display:block}* html .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style a.addthis_button_expanded{width:24px!important;height:14px!important;line-height:14px!important;padding:0;margin-top:1px!important;display:inline}* html .addthis_counter.bubblecompatmode0 a.addthis_button_expanded{width:36px}* html .addthis_32x32_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{width:60px!important}* html .addthis_32x32_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style a.addthis_button_expanded{width:46px;height:26px!important;line-height:26px!important;margin-top:2px!important}* html .addthis_32x32_style .addthis_counter.bubblecompatmode0 a.addthis_button_expanded{height:2pc!important;line-height:2pc!important}</style><style type="text/css">.at-share-dock.atss{top:auto;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;z-index:1000200;box-shadow:0 0 1px 1px #e2dfe2}.at-share-dock.at-share-dock-zindex-hide{z-index:-1!important}.at-share-dock.atss-top{bottom:auto;top:0}.at-share-dock a{width:auto;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none;color:#fff;text-decoration:none;box-sizing:content-box;-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box}.at-share-dock a:hover{width:auto}.at-share-dock .at4-count{height:43px;padding:5px 0 0;line-height:20px;background:#fff;font-family:Helvetica neue,arial}.at-share-dock .at4-count span{width:100%}.at-share-dock .at4-count .at4-share-label{color:#848484;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1px}.at-share-dock .at4-count .at4-counter{top:2px;position:relative;display:block;color:#222;font-size:22px}.at-share-dock.at-shfs-medium .at4-count{height:36px;line-height:1pc;padding-top:4px}.at-share-dock.at-shfs-medium .at4-count .at4-counter{font-size:18px}.at-share-dock.at-shfs-medium .at-share-btn .at-icon-wrapper,.at-share-dock.at-shfs-medium a .at-icon-wrapper{padding:6px 0}.at-share-dock.at-shfs-small .at4-count{height:26px;line-height:1;padding-top:3px}.at-share-dock.at-shfs-small .at4-count .at4-share-label{font-size:8px}.at-share-dock.at-shfs-small .at4-count .at4-counter{font-size:14px}.at-share-dock.at-shfs-small .at-share-btn .at-icon-wrapper,.at-share-dock.at-shfs-small a .at-icon-wrapper{padding:4px 0}</style><style type="text/css">#at4m-mobile-container{z-index:9999999;position:fixed}#at4m-menu{-webkit-transition-timing-function:linear;transition-timing-function:linear}#at4-searchClear{cursor:pointer}#at4m-dock{position:fixed;left:0;width:100%;-o-box-shadow:0 -1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15);box-shadow:0 -1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15);font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:300;color:#000}.at4m-dock{background:#ebebeb}.at4m-dock-bottom{top:auto;bottom:0}.at4m-dock-top{top:0;bottom:auto}.at4m-dock a:link,.at4m-dock a:visited{display:block;border:none;margin:0;padding:0;height:45px;line-height:45px;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;text-shadow:none;font-weight:700;color:#555;cursor:pointer;float:left;zoom:1}.at4m-dock a:active,.at4m-dock a:hover,.at4m-dock-toggle a:hover{background-color:#e2e2e2;color:#000;cursor:pointer}.at4m-dock a i{display:inline-block;height:45px;line-height:45px;vertical-align:middle;opacity:.2}.at4m-dock a:active i,.at4m-dock a:hover i{opacity:.9}.at4m-dock a i.at4m-dock-share{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/0cdf7a36b49e9150e4ddd7ce01143fdc.png) no-repeat 0 0;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/c4ee1ef2025cac1d2377de864e802791.svg),none;background-position:0 -2px;width:30px}.at4m-dock a i.at4m-dock-follow{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/34c65ab171688e81111b0c5219405376.png) no-repeat 0 0;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/2f9e800dffd36b9ae492670a4340386e.svg),none;background-position:0 -2px;width:26px}.at4m-dock.at4-ma1 a{display:inline-block;width:86%}.at4m-dock.at4-ma2 a{display:inline-block;width:43%}.at4m-dock.at4-ma2 a:first-child{border-right:1px solid #ccc}.at4m-dock-toggle{position:fixed;left:auto;right:0;width:14%;min-width:40px;height:45px}.at4m-dock-toggle-bottom{top:auto;bottom:0}.at4m-dock-toggle-top{bottom:auto;top:0}.at4m-dock-toggle a{display:block;background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/6f026d41cd1a08a0f124517f4a4b6381.png) no-repeat center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/6ac59ac63a78f7c0ecfe9bbc05ee16af.svg),none;border-left:1px solid #ccc;height:44px;line-height:44px;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-9999em;text-align:center;padding:0;margin:0;opacity:.35}.at4m-dock-toggle a.at4-dock-toggle-active{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/edb81de4c71c0bc5e7093002607fb828.png) no-repeat center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/958b6ad449d91a582198eaaa1013e4a8.svg),none;background-color:#fff;border-top:1px solid #ccc}.at4m-dock-toggle.ats-dark,.at4m-dock.ats-dark{background:#262b30;border-color:#1b1b1b;color:#fff}.at4m-dock.ats-dark a{color:#f2f2f2}.at4m-dock.ats-dark a i{opacity:.25}.at4m-dock.at4-ma2.ats-dark a:first-child{border-right:1px solid #3e4247}.at4m-dock-toggle.ats-dark a:active,.at4m-dock-toggle.ats-dark a:hover,.at4m-dock.ats-dark a:active,.at4m-dock.ats-dark a:hover{background-color:#1b1e22}.at4m-dock.ats-dark a i.at4m-dock-share{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/969412d543656390654b7a1fbad5c052.png) no-repeat left center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/d0b50381e6dff723034c9fb045fa5579.svg),none;background-position:0 -2px}.at4m-dock.ats-dark a i.at4m-dock-follow{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/031cd90bcb2cf1bc5d0514d6df32e08b.png) no-repeat left center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/9b6c210d20bea1e6b56e800331c32bff.svg),none;background-position:0 -2px}.at4m-dock-toggle.ats-dark a{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/bd94d63e97308ccebb29a220dcc82c2c.png) no-repeat center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/066d11a3dfa049803336eba1abb50292.svg),none;border-color:#676d73}.at4m-dock-toggle.ats-dark a.at4-dock-toggle-active{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/6ff05a92b143930d8fcc6a7d47a6859b.png) no-repeat center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/fd9202254cfad377dad0ecc0eb38d503.svg),none}.at4m-dock-toggle.top,.at4m-dock.top{top:0;bottom:auto}.at4m-dock-toggle.top a{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/edb81de4c71c0bc5e7093002607fb828.png) no-repeat center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/958b6ad449d91a582198eaaa1013e4a8.svg),none}.at4m-dock-toggle.top a.at4-dock-toggle-active{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/6f026d41cd1a08a0f124517f4a4b6381.png) no-repeat center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/6ac59ac63a78f7c0ecfe9bbc05ee16af.svg),none}.at4m-dock-toggle.top.ats-dark a{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/6ff05a92b143930d8fcc6a7d47a6859b.png) no-repeat center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/fd9202254cfad377dad0ecc0eb38d503.svg),none;border-color:#676d73}.at4m-dock-toggle.top.ats-dark a.at4-dock-toggle-active{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/bd94d63e97308ccebb29a220dcc82c2c.png) no-repeat center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/066d11a3dfa049803336eba1abb50292.svg),none}.at4m-dock.ats-gray{border-top:1px solid #dbdbdb}.at4m-dock.ats-gray a:first-child{border-right:1px solid #dadada}.at4m-dock.ats-gray a{color:#444}.at4m-dock.ats-gray a i{opacity:.25}.at4m-dock-toggle.ats-gray a{border-color:#b2b2b2}.at4m-dock-toggle.ats-gray a.at4-dock-toggle-active{background-color:#e2e2e2;border-color:#b2b2b2}.at4m-dock-toggle.ats-light a:active,.at4m-dock-toggle.ats-light a:hover,.at4m-dock.ats-light a:active,.at4m-dock.ats-light a:hover{background-color:#f5f5f5}.at4m-dock-toggle.ats-light a.at4-dock-toggle,.at4m-dock-toggle.ats-light a.at4-dock-toggle-active{background-color:#fff;border-color:#dadada}.at4m-menu{position:fixed;background:#fff;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:300;display:none;opacity:0}.at4m-menu.abs{position:absolute}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner{position:relative;width:100%;height:100%;overflow:auto}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-header{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;width:100%;background:#fff;-o-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.1);font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;color:#444;cursor:default}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-header .at4m-menu-header-inner{position:relative;height:44px;text-align:left;line-height:44px;padding:0 44px 0 15px}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-header .at4m-menu-header-inner a.at4m-menu-cancel{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;display:block;background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/56b9cf44789a75f4822ae4677c0809f0.png) no-repeat center center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/fc0122e3c71ae79db7be2a7ccfcd419c.svg),none;width:42px;height:44px;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-9999em;opacity:.74}#at4m-menu-body{top:45px;bottom:35px;left:0;overflow-y:scroll}#at4m-menu-body,#at4m-scroller{position:absolute;width:100%}.at4m-hidden-overflow{overflow:hidden}.at4m-scroll-overflow{overflow-y:auto!important}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-search{position:relative;background:#f5f5f5;border-bottom:1px solid #e7e9ec;height:44px}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-search input[type=text]{position:absolute;top:7px;left:13px;right:15px;width:auto;background:transparent;border:none;height:24px;line-height:1.14em;padding:4px 4px 4px 22px;font-size:1.14em;font-weight:300;outline:0;margin-bottom:0}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-search input[type=submit]{position:absolute;top:11px;left:14px;width:1pc;height:1pc;background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/3fc4b18bbb046f074de86a3cb5398353.svg),none;background:url("data:image/png;base64,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");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 0;background-position:center bottom\9;border:none;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-9999em;cursor:pointer;opacity:.22}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-search input[type=cancel]{position:absolute;top:9pt;right:20px;width:18px;height:18px;background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/f048274431eaef1b46f80d94f1c18af6.png) no-repeat center center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/666b87d14e4d4e526b57292ab8adc465.svg),none;background-size:18px 18px;border:none;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-9999em;opacity:.14}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-footer{position:fixed;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;width:100%;height:30px;background:#fff;text-align:left;line-height:1pc;-o-box-shadow:0 -2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0 -2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.1)}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-footer .at4m-menu-footer-inner{position:relative;height:26px;padding:5px 15px}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-footer .at4m-menu-footer-inner .at4m-menu-footer-logo{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/5432e2206e5cb0b11874ad11e5a22186.png);background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/f1a5a53cfb4afc0b8231b342c9e39ece.svg),none;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:left 2px;background-size:9px 9px;padding-left:9pt}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-footer .at4m-menu-footer-inner .at4m-menu-footer-privacy{position:absolute;top:7px;right:15px;background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/7450d2e11bef7d7c140b197429765a62.png);background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/d714fde79b61d3f511dd5c11ad366e68.svg),none;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:right 3px;background-size:8px 9px;padding-right:13px}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-footer .at4m-menu-footer-inner a:link,.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-footer .at4m-menu-footer-inner a:visited{font-size:.714em;text-decoration:none;color:#666}.at4m-menu.abs{border-top:.5px solid #efefef}.at4m-menu.abs,.at4m-menu.abs .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-footer,.at4m-menu.abs .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-header{position:absolute}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-content{position:relative;padding:0 0 27px}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-content ul{margin:0;padding:0}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-content ul li{background:#fff;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;border-bottom:1px solid #e7e9ec;-ms-box-sizing:content-box;-o-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-content ul li:hover{background:#f5f5f5}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-content ul li a{position:relative;display:block;height:2pc;line-height:2pc;padding:9pt 20px 9pt 14px;text-decoration:none;text-align:left;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.07em;font-weight:300;color:#444;-ms-box-sizing:content-box;-o-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-content ul li a:active{background-color:#f9f9f9}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-content ul li a span.at-icon-wrapper{margin:0 9px 0 0;float:left}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-content ul li a span.at4-label{display:inline-block;height:2pc;line-height:2pc;margin-left:10px}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-content ul li a span.at4-label.atservice-preferred{font-weight:700}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-content ul li a span.at4-arrow{display:inline-block;position:absolute;right:5px;background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/745bc30b589d20aeba08481e06fae159.png);background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/f4d5547a72831e67681d82122e1d563f.svg),none;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center center;width:2pc;height:2pc;text-indent:-9999em;overflow:hidden;opacity:.22}.at4m-menu.ats-dark .at4m-menu-footer,.at4m-menu.ats-dark .at4m-menu-header{background:#262b30;color:#fff}.at4m-menu.ats-dark .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-header button{background:#000;border-color:#333;color:#fff}.at4m-menu.ats-dark .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-header .at4m-menu-header-inner a.at4m-menu-cancel{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/5092b14c9020eaa68c3de74da2219940.png) no-repeat center center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/fb08f6d50887bd0caacc86a62bcdcf68.svg),none}.at4m-menu.ats-dark .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-footer .at4m-menu-footer-inner a:link,.at4m-menu.ats-dark .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-footer .at4m-menu-footer-inner a:visited{color:#ccc}#at4m-dock:hover{cursor:pointer}#at4m-dock.ats-dark{background:#262b30;border-color:#1b1b1b;color:#fff}#at4m-dock.ats-light{background:#fff;border-color:#c5c5c5}.at4m-dock.ats-dark a,.at4m-dock.ats-dark a:first-child{color:#fff}.at4m-dock.ats-dark a:active,.at4m-dock.ats-dark a:hover{background:#1b1e22}.at-expandedmenu-component .at4m-dock,.at-expandedmenu-component .at4m-dock-toggle{display:none}</style><style type="text/css">#at4-drawer-outer-container{top:0;width:20pc;position:fixed}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-inline{position:relative}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-inline.at4-drawer-right{float:right;right:0;left:auto}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-inline.at4-drawer-left{float:left;left:0;right:auto}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-shown,#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-shown *{z-index:999999}#at4-drawer-outer-container,#at4-drawer-outer-container .at4-drawer-outer,#at-drawer{height:100%;overflow-y:auto;overflow-x:hidden}.at4-drawer-push-content-right-back{position:relative;right:0}.at4-drawer-push-content-right{position:relative;left:20pc!important}.at4-drawer-push-content-left-back{position:relative;left:0}.at4-drawer-push-content-left{position:relative;right:20pc!important}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-right{left:auto;right:-20pc}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-left{right:auto;left:-20pc}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-shown.at4-drawer-right{left:auto;right:0}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-shown.at4-drawer-left{right:auto;left:0}#at-drawer{top:0;z-index:9999999;height:100%;-webkit-animation-duration:.4s;animation-duration:.4s}#at-drawer.drawer-push.at-right{right:-20pc}#at-drawer.drawer-push.at-left{left:-20pc}#at-drawer .at-recommended-label{padding:0 0 0 20px;color:#999;line-height:3pc;font-size:18px;font-weight:300;cursor:default}#at-drawer-arrow{width:30px;height:5pc}#at-drawer-arrow.ats-dark{background:#262b30}#at-drawer-arrow.ats-gray{background:#f2f2f2}#at-drawer-open-arrow{background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;width:13px;height:23px;margin:28px 0 0 8px}.at-left #at-drawer-open-arrow{background-position:0 -46px}.ats-dark #at-drawer-open-arrow{background-position:0 -23px}.ats-dark.at-left #at-drawer-open-arrow{background-position:0 -69px}#at-drawer-arrow.at4-drawer-modern-browsers{position:fixed;top:40%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 0!important;z-index:9999999}.at4-drawer-inline #at-drawer-arrow{position:absolute}#at-drawer-arrow.at4-drawer-modern-browsers.at-right{right:0}#at-drawer-arrow.at4-drawer-modern-browsers.at-left{left:0}.at4-drawer-push-animation-left{-webkit-transition:left .4s ease-in-out .15s;transition:left .4s ease-in-out .15s}.at4-drawer-push-animation-right{-webkit-transition:right .4s ease-in-out .15s;transition:right .4s ease-in-out .15s}#at-drawer.drawer-push.at4-drawer-push-animation-right{right:0}#at-drawer.drawer-push.at4-drawer-push-animation-right-back{right:-20pc!important}#at-drawer.drawer-push.at4-drawer-push-animation-left{left:0}#at-drawer.drawer-push.at4-drawer-push-animation-left-back{left:-20pc!important}#at-drawer .at4-closebutton.drawer-close{content:'X';color:#999;display:block;position:absolute;margin:0;top:0;right:0;width:3pc;height:45px;line-height:45px;overflow:hidden;opacity:.5}#at-drawer.ats-dark .at4-closebutton.drawer-close{color:#fff}#at-drawer .at4-closebutton.drawer-close:hover{opacity:1}#at-drawer.ats-dark.at4-recommended .at4-logo-container a{color:#666}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical{padding:0}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .sponsored-label{margin:2px 0 0 21px;color:#ddd}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item{position:relative;padding:0;width:20pc;height:180px;margin:0}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img a:after{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;background:rgba(0,0,0,.65);z-index:1000000;-webkit-transition:all .2s ease-in-out;transition:all .2s ease-in-out}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item.at-hover .at4-recommended-item-img a:after{background:rgba(0,0,0,.8)}#at-drawer .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img,#at-drawer .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img a,#at-drawer .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img img{width:20pc;height:180px;float:none}#at-drawer .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption{width:100%;position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;height:70px}#at-drawer .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4{color:#fff;position:absolute;height:52px;top:0;left:20px;right:20px;margin:0;padding:0;line-height:25px;font-size:20px;font-weight:600;z-index:1000001;text-decoration:none;text-transform:none}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4 a:hover{text-decoration:none}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4 a:link{color:#fff}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption small{position:absolute;top:auto;bottom:10px;left:20px;width:auto;color:#ccc}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-logo-container{margin-left:20px}#at-drawer.ats-dark.at4-recommended .at4-logo-container a:hover{color:#fff}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at-logo{margin:0}</style><style type="text/css">.at4-follow.at-mobile{display:none!important}.at4-follow{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;font-weight:400;color:#666;cursor:default;z-index:10001}.at4-follow .at4-follow-inner{position:relative;padding:10px 24px 10px 15px}.at4-follow-inner,.at-follow-open-control{border:0 solid #c5c5c5;border-width:1px 0 1px 1px;margin-top:-1px}.at4-follow .at4-follow-container{margin-left:9pt}.at4-follow.at4-follow-24 .at4-follow-container{height:24px;line-height:23px;font-size:13px}.at4-follow.at4-follow-32 .at4-follow-container{width:15pc;height:2pc;line-height:2pc;font-size:14px}.at4-follow .at4-follow-container .at-follow-label{display:inline-block;height:24px;line-height:24px;margin-right:10px;padding:0;cursor:default;float:left}.at4-follow .at4-follow-container .at-icon-wrapper{height:24px;width:24px}.at4-follow.ats-transparent .at4-follow-inner,.at-follow-open-control.ats-transparent{border-color:transparent}.at4-follow.ats-dark .at4-follow-inner,.at-follow-open-control.ats-dark{background:#262b30;border-color:#000;color:#fff}.at4-follow.ats-dark .at-follow-close-control{background-color:#262b30}.at4-follow.ats-light .at4-follow-inner{background:#fff;border-color:#c5c5c5}.at4-follow.ats-gray .at4-follow-inner,.at-follow-open-control.ats-gray{background:#f2f2f2;border-color:#c5c5c5}.at4-follow.ats-light .at4-follow-close-control,.at-follow-open-control.ats-light{background:#e5e5e5}.at4-follow .at4-follow-inner .at4-follow-close-control{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;width:20px;cursor:pointer;display:none}.at4-follow .at4-follow-inner .at4-follow-close-control div{display:block;line-height:20px;text-indent:-9999em;margin-top:calc(50% + 1px);overflow:hidden}.at-follow-open-control div.at4-arrow.at-left{background-position:0 -2px}.at-follow-open-control{position:fixed;height:35px;top:0;right:0;padding-top:10px;z-index:10002}.at-follow-btn{margin:0 5px 5px 0;padding:0;outline-offset:-1px;display:inline-block;box-sizing:content-box;transition:all .2s ease-in-out}.at-follow-btn:focus,.at-follow-btn:hover{-webkit-transform:translateY(-4px);transform:translateY(-4px)}.at4-follow-24 .at-follow-btn{height:25px;line-height:0;width:25px}</style><style type="text/css">.at-follow-tbx-element .at300b,.at-follow-tbx-element .at300m{display:inline-block;width:auto;padding:0;margin:0 2px 5px;outline-offset:-1px;-webkit-transition:all .2s ease-in-out;transition:all .2s ease-in-out}.at-follow-tbx-element .at300b:focus,.at-follow-tbx-element .at300b:hover,.at-follow-tbx-element .at300m:focus,.at-follow-tbx-element .at300m:hover{-webkit-transform:translateY(-4px);transform:translateY(-4px)}.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300b,.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300m{display:block}.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300b .addthis_follow_label,.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300b .at-icon-wrapper,.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300m .addthis_follow_label,.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300m .at-icon-wrapper{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:5px}.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300b:focus,.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300b:hover,.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300m:focus,.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300m:hover{-webkit-transform:none;transform:none}</style><style type="text/css">.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn{display:inline-block;margin-right:13px;margin-top:13px}.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn .at-icon{float:left}.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn .at300bs{display:inline-block;float:left;cursor:pointer}.at4-jumboshare .at4-mobile .at-share-btn .at-icon,.at4-jumboshare .at4-mobile .at-share-btn .at-icon-wrapper{margin:0;padding:0}.at4-jumboshare .at4-mobile .at-share-btn{padding:0}.at4-jumboshare .at4-mobile .at-share-btn .at-label{display:none}.at4-jumboshare .at4-count{font-size:60px;line-height:60px;font-family:Helvetica neue,arial;font-weight:700}.at4-jumboshare .at4-count-container{display:table-cell;text-align:center;min-width:200px;vertical-align:middle;border-right:1px solid #ccc;padding-right:20px}.at4-jumboshare .at4-share-container{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:20px}.at4-jumboshare .at4-share-container.at-share-tbx-element{padding-top:0}.at4-jumboshare .at4-title{position:relative;font-size:18px;line-height:18px;bottom:2px}.at4-jumboshare .at4-spacer{height:1px;display:block;visibility:hidden;opacity:0}.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn{display:inline-block;margin:0 2px;line-height:0;padding:0;overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none;text-transform:none;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:all .2s ease-in-out;transition:all .2s ease-in-out;border:0;background-color:transparent}.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn:focus,.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn:hover{-webkit-transform:translateY(-4px);transform:translateY(-4px);color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.at4-jumboshare .at-label{font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:9pt;padding:0 15px 0 0;margin:0;height:2pc;line-height:2pc;background:none}.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn:hover,.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn:link{text-decoration:none}.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}.at4-jumboshare.at-mobile .at-label{display:none}</style><style type="text/css">div.at-share-close-control.ats-dark,div.at-share-open-control-left.ats-dark,div.at-share-open-control-right.ats-dark{background:#262b30}div.at-share-close-control.ats-light,div.at-share-open-control-left.ats-light,div.at-share-open-control-right.ats-light{background:#fff}div.at-share-close-control.ats-gray,div.at-share-open-control-left.ats-gray,div.at-share-open-control-right.ats-gray{background:#f2f2f2}.atss{position:fixed;top:20%;width:3pc;z-index:100020;background:none}.at-share-close-control{position:relative;width:3pc;overflow:auto}.at-share-open-control-left{position:fixed;top:20%;z-index:100020;left:0;width:22px}.at-share-close-control .at4-arrow.at-left{float:right}.atss-left{left:0;float:left;right:auto}.atss-right{left:auto;float:right;right:0}.atss-right.at-share-close-control .at4-arrow.at-right{position:relative;right:0;overflow:auto}.atss-right.at-share-close-control .at4-arrow{float:left}.at-share-open-control-right{position:fixed;top:20%;z-index:100020;right:0;width:22px;float:right}.atss-right .at-share-close-control .at4-arrow{float:left}.atss.atss-right a{float:right}.atss.atss-right .at4-share-title{float:right;overflow:hidden}.atss .at-share-btn,.atss a{position:relative;display:block;width:3pc;margin:0;outline-offset:-1px;text-align:center;float:left;-webkit-transition:width .15s ease-in-out;transition:width .15s ease-in-out;overflow:hidden;background:#e8e8e8;z-index:100030;cursor:pointer}.at-share-btn::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}.atss-right .at-share-btn{float:right}.atss .at-share-btn{border:0;padding:0}.atss .at-share-btn:focus,.atss .at-share-btn:hover,.atss a:focus,.atss a:hover{width:4pc}.atss .at-share-btn .at-icon-wrapper,.atss a .at-icon-wrapper{display:block;padding:8px 0}.atss .at-share-btn:last-child,.atss a:last-child{border:none}.atss .at-share-btn span .at-icon,.atss a span .at-icon{position:relative;top:0;left:0;display:block;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:50% 50%;width:2pc;height:2pc;line-height:2pc;border:none;padding:0;margin:0 auto;overflow:hidden;cursor:pointer;cursor:hand}.at4-share .at-custom-sidebar-counter{font-family:Helvetica neue,arial;vertical-align:top;margin-right:4px;display:inline-block;text-align:center}.at4-share .at-custom-sidebar-count{font-size:17px;line-height:1.25em;color:#222}.at4-share .at-custom-sidebar-text{font-size:9px;line-height:1.25em;color:#888;letter-spacing:1px}.at4-share .at4-share-count-container{position:absolute;left:0;right:auto;top:auto;bottom:0;width:100%;color:#fff;background:inherit}.at4-share .at4-share-count,.at4-share .at4-share-count-container{line-height:1pc;font-size:10px}.at4-share .at4-share-count{text-indent:0;font-family:Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-weight:200;width:100%;height:1pc}.at4-share .at4-share-count-anchor{padding-bottom:8px;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:padding .15s ease-in-out .15s,width .15s ease-in-out;transition:padding .15s ease-in-out .15s,width .15s ease-in-out}</style><style type="text/css">.at4-recommendedbox-outer-container{display:inline}.at4-recommended-outer{position:static}.at4-recommended{top:20%;margin:0;text-align:center;font-weight:400;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;color:#666}.at4-recommended.at-inline .at4-recommended-horizontal{text-align:left}.at4-recommended-recommendedbox{padding:0;z-index:inherit}.at4-recommended-recommended{padding:40px 0}.at4-recommended-horizontal{max-height:340px}.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-horizontal{max-height:15pc}.at4-recommended.at4-minimal.at-medium .at4-recommended-horizontal{padding-top:10px;max-height:230px}.at4-recommended-text-only .at4-recommended-horizontal{max-height:130px}.at4-recommended-horizontal{padding-top:5px;overflow-y:hidden}.at4-minimal{background:none;color:#000;border:none!important;box-shadow:none!important}@media screen and (max-width:900px){.at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item,.at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img{width:15pc}}.at4-recommended.at4-minimal .at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption{padding:0 0 10px}.at4-recommended.at4-minimal .at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item-caption{padding:20px 0 0!important}.addthis-smartlayers .at4-recommended .at-h3.at-recommended-label{margin:0;padding:0;font-weight:300;font-size:18px;line-height:24px;color:#464646;width:100%;display:inline-block;zoom:1}.addthis-smartlayers .at4-recommended.at-inline .at-h3.at-recommended-label{text-align:left}#at4-thankyou .addthis-smartlayers .at4-recommended.at-inline .at-h3.at-recommended-label{text-align:center}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item{display:inline-block;zoom:1;position:relative;background:#fff;border:1px solid #c5c5c5;width:200px;margin:10px}.addthis_recommended_horizontal .at4-recommended-item{border:none}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .sponsored-label{color:#666;font-size:9px;position:absolute;top:-20px}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item-img .at-tli,.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item-img a{position:absolute;left:0}.at4-recommended.at-inline .at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item{margin:10px 20px 0 0}.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item{margin:10px 10px 0 0}.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-item{width:140px;overflow:hidden}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img{position:relative;text-align:center;width:100%;height:200px;line-height:0;overflow:hidden}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img a{display:block;width:100%;height:200px}.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img,.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img a{height:140px}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img img{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;min-height:0;min-width:0;max-height:none;max-width:none;margin:0;padding:0}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption{height:74px;overflow:hidden;padding:20px;text-align:left;-ms-box-sizing:content-box;-o-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption{height:50px;padding:15px}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4{height:54px;margin:0 0 5px;padding:0;overflow:hidden;word-wrap:break-word;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;line-height:18px;text-align:left}.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4{font-size:9pt;line-height:1pc;height:33px}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item:hover .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4{text-decoration:underline}.at4-recommended a:link,.at4-recommended a:visited{text-decoration:none;color:#464646}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4 a:hover{text-decoration:underline;color:#000}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption small{display:block;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;font-size:11px;color:#666}.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption small{font-size:9px}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical{padding:15px 0 0}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item{display:block;width:auto;max-width:100%;height:60px;border:none;margin:0 0 15px;box-shadow:none;background:none}.at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img,.at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img img{width:60px;height:60px;float:left}.at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption{border-top:none;margin:0;height:60px;padding:3px 5px}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4{height:38px;margin:0}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption small{position:absolute;bottom:0}.at4-recommended .at-recommended-label.at-vertical{text-align:left}.at4-no-image-light-recommended,.at4-no-image-minimal-recommended{background-color:#f2f2f2!important}.at4-no-image-gray-recommended{background-color:#e6e6e5!important}.at4-no-image-dark-recommended{background-color:#4e555e!important}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img{background-repeat:no-repeat!important;background-position:center!important;width:100%!important;height:100%!important}.at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-no-image-dark-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img{background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,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)!important}.at4-recommended-vertical .at4-no-image-dark-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img{background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,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)!important}.at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-no-image-gray-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img,.at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-no-image-light-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img,.at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-no-image-minimal-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img{background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,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)!important}.at4-recommended-vertical .at4-no-image-gray-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img,.at4-recommended-vertical .at4-no-image-light-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img,.at4-recommended-vertical .at4-no-image-minimal-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img{background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAAOCAYAAADwikbvAAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAyNpVFh0WE1MOmNvbS5hZG9iZS54bXAAAAAAADw/eHBhY2tldCBiZWdpbj0i77u/IiBpZD0iVzVNME1wQ2VoaUh6cmVTek5UY3prYzlkIj8+IDx4OnhtcG1ldGEgeG1sbnM6eD0iYWRvYmU6bnM6bWV0YS8iIHg6eG1wdGs9IkFkb2JlIFhNUCBDb3JlIDUuNS1jMDE0IDc5LjE1MTQ4MSwgMjAxMy8wMy8xMy0xMjowOToxNSAgICAgICAgIj4gPHJkZjpSREYgeG1sbnM6cmRmPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5LzAyLzIyLXJkZi1zeW50YXgtbnMjIj4gPHJkZjpEZXNjcmlwdGlvbiByZGY6YWJvdXQ9IiIgeG1sbnM6eG1wPSJodHRwOi8vbnMuYWRvYmUuY29tL3hhcC8xLjAvIiB4bWxuczp4bXBNTT0iaHR0cDovL25zLmFkb2JlLmNvbS94YXAvMS4wL21tLyIgeG1sbnM6c3RSZWY9Imh0dHA6Ly9ucy5hZG9iZS5jb20veGFwLzEuMC9zVHlwZS9SZXNvdXJjZVJlZiMiIHhtcDpDcmVhdG9yVG9vbD0iQWRvYmUgUGhvdG9zaG9wIENDIChNYWNpbnRvc2gpIiB4bXBNTTpJbnN0YW5jZUlEPSJ4bXAuaWlkOjAzREMyNTNBMTI0RjExRTM4NzAwREJDRjlCQzAyMUVFIiB4bXBNTTpEb2N1bWVudElEPSJ4bXAuZGlkOjAzREMyNTNCMTI0RjExRTM4NzAwREJDRjlCQzAyMUVFIj4gPHhtcE1NOkRlcml2ZWRGcm9tIHN0UmVmOmluc3RhbmNlSUQ9InhtcC5paWQ6MDNEQzI1MzgxMjRGMTFFMzg3MDBEQkNGOUJDMDIxRUUiIHN0UmVmOmRvY3VtZW50SUQ9InhtcC5kaWQ6MDNEQzI1MzkxMjRGMTFFMzg3MDBEQkNGOUJDMDIxRUUiLz4gPC9yZGY6RGVzY3JpcHRpb24+IDwvcmRmOlJERj4gPC94OnhtcG1ldGE+IDw/eHBhY2tldCBlbmQ9InIiPz65Fr9cAAAA0ElEQVR42qRRuQrCQBDd3SSaIgYNosSrtLew8f+xsfAnYmEVRMR4YHwjExjCbsBk4DHHzptjR2+2u7VqJ3efjTNQ/EEMgbgiv46H/QNTDPnhCv/mYiLPI21EIIaaUEVgBj+oETQQypgRtidsXfNJpsACBXo28gWgUd9AjrEL0TXhiSh/XhWudlZI/kCdLPtFUGMRCni9p6kl+kAq/D5UavmzX2fNd87obsCSfztnrOR0rjvTiRImkoyAQQNRyZ2jhjenGNVBOpF1WZatyV8BBgBJ+irgS/KHdAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)!important}#at-drawer.ats-dark,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item-caption,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item-caption{background:#262b30}#at-drawer.ats-gray,.at4-recommended.ats-gray .at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item-caption{background:#f2f2f2}#at-drawer.ats-light,.at4-recommended.ats-light .at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item-caption{background:#fff}.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item{background:none}.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption a:hover,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption a:link,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption a:visited,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption small,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-item-caption,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at-logo a:hover,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at-recommended-label.at-vertical{color:#fff}.at4-recommended-vertical-logo{padding-top:0;text-align:left}.at4-recommended-vertical-logo .at4-logo-container{line-height:10px}.at4-recommended-horizontal-logo{text-align:center}.at4-recommended.at-inline .at4-recommended-horizontal-logo{text-align:left}#at4-thankyou .at4-recommended.at-inline .at4-recommended-horizontal{text-align:center}.at4-recommended .at-logo{margin:10px 0 0;padding:0;height:25px;overflow:auto;-ms-box-sizing:content-box;-o-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}.at4-recommended.at-inline .at4-recommended-horizontal .at-logo{text-align:left}.at4-recommended .at4-logo-container a.at-sponsored-link{color:#666}.at4-recommended-class .at4-logo-container a:hover,.at4-recommendedbox-outer-container .at4-recommended-recommendedbox .at4-logo-container a:hover{color:#000}</style><style type="text/css">.at-recommendedjumbo-outer-container{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;background:none;color:#000}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer{position:relative;width:100%;height:510px;overflow:hidden;-webkit-transition:all .3s ease-in-out;transition:all .3s ease-in-out}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer{height:250px}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer #bg-link:after{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;background:rgba(0,0,0,.75)}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer:hover #bg-link:after{background:rgba(0,0,0,.85)}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer *,.at-recommendedjumbo-footer :after,.at-recommendedjumbo-footer :before{box-sizing:border-box}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer:hover #at-recommendedjumbo-footer-bg{-webkit-animation:atRecommendedJumboAnimatedBackground 1s ease-in-out 1;animation:atRecommendedJumboAnimatedBackground 1s ease-in-out 1;-webkit-animation-fill-mode:forwards;animation-fill-mode:forwards}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-top-holder{position:absolute;top:0;padding:0 40px;width:100%}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-top-holder{padding:0 20px}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer .at-recommendedjumbo-footer-inner{position:relative;text-align:center;font-family:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;z-index:2;width:100%}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-label-holder{margin:40px 0 0;max-height:30px}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-label-holder{margin:20px 0 0;max-height:20px}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-label{font-weight:300;font-size:24px;line-height:24px;color:#fff;margin:0}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-label{font-weight:150;font-size:14px;line-height:14px}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-title-holder{margin:20px 0 0;min-height:3pc;max-height:78pt}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-title-holder{margin:10px 0 0;min-height:24px;max-height:54px}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-content-title{font-size:3pc;line-height:52px;font-weight:700;margin:0}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-content-title{font-size:24px;line-height:27px}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer a{text-decoration:none;color:#fff}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer a:visited{color:#fff}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer small{margin:20px 0 0;display:inline-block;height:2pc;line-height:2pc;font-size:14px;color:#ccc;cursor:default}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer small{margin:10px 0 0;height:14px;line-height:14px;font-size:9pt}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer .at-logo-container{position:absolute;bottom:20px;margin:auto;left:0;right:0}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer .at-logo-container{bottom:10px}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer a.at-sponsored-link{color:#ccc}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer div #at-recommendedjumbo-logo-link{padding:2px 0 0 11px;text-decoration:none;line-height:20px;font-family:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:9px;color:#ccc}@-webkit-keyframes atRecommendedJumboAnimatedBackground{0%{-webkit-transform:scale(1,1);transform:scale(1,1)}to{-webkit-transform:scale(1.1,1.1);transform:scale(1.1,1.1)}}@keyframes atRecommendedJumboAnimatedBackground{0%{-webkit-transform:scale(1,1);transform:scale(1,1)}to{-webkit-transform:scale(1.1,1.1);transform:scale(1.1,1.1)}}</style><style type="text/css">.at-resp-share-element{position:relative;padding:0;margin:0;font-size:0;line-height:0}.at-resp-share-element:after,.at-resp-share-element:before{content:" ";display:table}.at-resp-share-element.at-mobile .at4-share-count-container,.at-resp-share-element.at-mobile .at-label{display:none}.at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn{display:inline-block;*display:inline;*zoom:1;margin:0 2px 5px;padding:0;overflow:hidden;line-height:0;text-decoration:none;text-transform:none;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:all .2s ease-in-out;transition:all .2s ease-in-out;border:0;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;background-color:transparent}.at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}.at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn:focus,.at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn:hover{-webkit-transform:translateY(-4px);transform:translateY(-4px);color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn .at-icon-wrapper{float:left}.at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn.at-share-btn.at-svc-compact:hover{-webkit-transform:none;transform:none}.at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn .at-label{font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:9pt;padding:0 15px 0 0;margin:0 0 0 5px;height:2pc;line-height:2pc;background:none}.at-resp-share-element .at-icon,.at-resp-share-element .at-label{cursor:pointer}.at-resp-share-element .at4-share-count-container{text-decoration:none;float:right;padding-right:15px;font-size:9pt}.at-mobile .at-resp-share-element .at-label{display:none}.at-resp-share-element.at-mobile .at-share-btn{margin-right:5px}.at-mobile .at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn{padding:5px;margin-right:5px}</style><style type="text/css">.at-share-tbx-element{position:relative;margin:0;color:#fff;font-size:0}.at-share-tbx-element,.at-share-tbx-element .at-share-btn{font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;padding:0;line-height:0}.at-share-tbx-element .at-share-btn{cursor:pointer;margin:0 5px 5px 0;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;border:0;text-decoration:none;text-transform:none;background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-transition:all .2s ease-in-out;transition:all .2s ease-in-out}.at-share-tbx-element .at-share-btn:focus,.at-share-tbx-element .at-share-btn:hover{-webkit-transform:translateY(-4px);transform:translateY(-4px);outline-offset:-1px;color:inherit}.at-share-tbx-element .at-share-btn::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}.at-share-tbx-element .at-share-btn.at-share-btn.at-svc-compact:hover{-webkit-transform:none;transform:none}.at-share-tbx-element .at-icon-wrapper{vertical-align:middle}.at-share-tbx-element .at4-share-count,.at-share-tbx-element .at-label{margin:0 7.5px 0 2.5px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;background:none;height:0;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:inherit}.at-share-tbx-element.at-mobile .at4-share-count,.at-share-tbx-element.at-mobile .at-label{display:none}.at-share-tbx-element .at_native_button{vertical-align:middle}.at-share-tbx-element .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{margin:0 2px;vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}.at-share-tbx-element .fb_iframe_widget{display:block}.at-share-tbx-element.at-share-tbx-native .at300b{vertical-align:middle}.at-style-responsive .at-share-btn{padding:5px}.at-style-jumbo{display:table}.at-style-jumbo .at4-spacer{height:1px;display:block;visibility:hidden;opacity:0}.at-style-jumbo .at4-count-container{display:table-cell;text-align:center;min-width:200px;vertical-align:middle;border-right:1px solid #ccc;padding-right:20px}.at-style-jumbo .at4-count{font-size:60px;line-height:60px;font-weight:700}.at-style-jumbo .at4-count-title{position:relative;font-size:18px;line-height:18px;bottom:2px}.at-style-jumbo .at-share-btn-elements{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:20px}.at_flat_counter{cursor:pointer;font-family:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;display:inline-block;position:relative;vertical-align:top;height:100%;margin:0 5px;padding:0 6px;left:-1px;background:#ebebeb;color:#32363b;-webkit-transition:all .2s ease;transition:all .2s ease}.at_flat_counter:after{top:30%;left:-4px;content:"";position:absolute;border-width:5px 8px 5px 0;border-style:solid;border-color:transparent #ebebeb transparent transparent;display:block;width:0;height:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(360deg);transform:translateY(360deg)}.at_flat_counter:hover{background:#e1e2e2}</style><style type="text/css">.at4-thankyou-background{top:0;right:0;left:0;bottom:0;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;z-index:9999999;background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAABtJREFUeNpizCuu/sRABGBiIBKMKqSOQoAAAwC8KgJipENhxwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==);background:hsla(217,6%,46%,.95)}.at4-thankyou-background.at-thankyou-shown{position:fixed}.at4-thankyou-inner{position:absolute;width:100%;top:10%;left:50%;margin-left:-50%;text-align:center}.at4-thankyou-mobile .at4-thankyou-inner{top:5%}.thankyou-description{font-weight:400}.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner{position:relative;width:100%;height:100%}.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner .at4x{position:absolute;top:15px;right:15px;display:block;width:20px;height:20px;padding:20px;margin:0;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:opacity .25s ease-in;transition:opacity .25s ease-in;opacity:.4;background:url("data:image/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlzAAALEgAACxIB0t1+/AAAABx0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUAQWRvYmUgRmlyZXdvcmtzIENTNui8sowAAAAWdEVYdENyZWF0aW9uIFRpbWUAMTEvMTMvMTKswDp5AAAAd0lEQVQ4jb2VQRLAIAgDE///Z3qqY1FAhalHMCsCIkVEAIAkkVgvp2lDBgYAnAyHkWotLccNrEd4A7X2TqIdqLfnWBAdaF5rJdyJfjtPH5GT37CaGhoVq3nOm/XflUuLUto2pY1d+vRKh0Pp+MrAVtDe2JkvYNQ+jVSEEFmOkggAAAAASUVORK5CYII=") no-repeat center center;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-99999em;border:1px solid transparent}.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner .at4x:focus,.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner .at4x:hover{border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:50%;outline:0}.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner #at4-palogo{position:absolute;bottom:10px;display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;font-family:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:11px;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:opacity .25s ease-in;moz-transition:opacity .25s ease-in;transition:opacity .25s ease-in;opacity:.5;z-index:100020;color:#fff;padding:2px 0 0 13px}.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner #at4-palogo .at-branding-addthis,.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner #at4-palogo .at-branding-info{color:#fff}.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner #at4-palogo:hover,.at4-thankyou-background.ats-dark .at4lb-inner a#at4-palogo:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#fff;opacity:1}.at4-thankyou-background.ats-dark{background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAABtJREFUeNpiZGBgeMZABGBiIBKMKqSOQoAAAwB+cQD6hqlbCwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==");background:rgba(0,0,0,.85)}.at4-thankyou-background .thankyou-title{color:#fff;font-size:38.5px;margin:10px 20px;line-height:38.5px;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-weight:300}.at4-thankyou-background.ats-dark .thankyou-description,.at4-thankyou-background.ats-dark .thankyou-title{color:#fff}.at4-thankyou-background .thankyou-description{color:#fff;font-size:18px;margin:10px 0;line-height:24px;padding:0;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-weight:300}.at4-thankyou-background .at4-thanks-icons{padding-top:10px}.at4-thankyou-mobile *{-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}#at4-thankyou .at4-recommended-recommendedbox .at-logo{display:none}.at4-thankyou .at-h3{height:49px;line-height:49px;margin:0 50px 0 20px;padding:1px 0 0;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:1pc;font-weight:700;color:#fff;text-shadow:0 1px #000}.at4-thanks{padding-top:50px;text-align:center}.at4-thanks label{display:block;margin:0 0 15px;font-size:1pc;line-height:1pc}.at4-thanks .at4-h2{background:none;border:none;margin:0 0 10px;padding:0;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:28px;font-weight:300;color:#000}.at4-thanks .at4-thanks-icons{position:relative;height:2pc}.at4-thanks .at4-thanks-icons .at-thankyou-label{display:block;padding-bottom:10px;font-size:14px;color:#666}.at4-thankyou-layer .at-follow .at-icon-wrapper{width:2pc;height:2pc}</style><style type="text/css">.at4-recommended-toaster{position:fixed;top:auto;bottom:0;right:0;z-index:100021}.at4-recommended-toaster.ats-light{border:1px solid #c5c5c5;background:#fff}.at4-recommended-toaster.ats-gray{border:1px solid #c5c5c5;background:#f2f2f2}.at4-recommended-toaster.ats-dark{background:#262b30;color:#fff}.at4-recommended-toaster .at4-recommended-container{padding-top:0;margin:0}.at4-recommended.at4-recommended-toaster div.at-recommended-label{line-height:1pc;font-size:1pc;text-align:left;padding:20px 0 0 20px}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4{font-size:11px;line-height:11px;margin:10px 0 6px;height:30px}.at4-recommended.at4-recommended-toaster div.at-recommended-label.ats-gray,.at4-recommended.at4-recommended-toaster div.at-recommended-label.ats-light{color:#464646}.at4-recommended.at4-recommended-toaster div.at-recommended-label.ats-dark{color:#fff}.at4-toaster-close-control{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;display:block;width:20px;height:20px;line-height:20px;margin:5px 5px 0 0;padding:0;text-indent:-9999em}.at4-toaster-open-control{position:fixed;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:100020}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended-item{width:90pt;border:0;margin:9px 10px 0}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended-item:first-child{margin-left:20px}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended-item:last-child{margin-right:20px}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img{max-height:90pt;max-width:90pt}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img img{height:90pt;width:90pt}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption{height:30px;padding:0;margin:0;height:initial}.at4-toaster-outer .ats-dark .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption{background:#262b30}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption small{width:auto;line-height:14px;margin:0}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption small{color:#fff}.at4-recommended-toaster .at-logo{margin:0 0 3px 20px;text-align:left}.at4-recommended-toaster .at-logo .at4-logo-container.at-sponsored-logo{position:relative}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended-item .sponsored-label{text-align:right;font-size:10px;color:#666;float:right;position:fixed;bottom:6px;right:20px;top:initial;z-index:99999}</style><style type="text/css">.at4-whatsnext{position:fixed;bottom:0!important;right:0;background:#fff;border:1px solid #c5c5c5;margin:-1px;width:390px;height:90pt;overflow:hidden;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;color:#000;z-index:1800000000}.at4-whatsnext a{color:#666}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content{height:90pt;position:relative}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content .at-branding{position:absolute;bottom:15px;right:10px;padding-left:9px;text-decoration:none;line-height:10px;font-family:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:10px;color:#666}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-inner{position:absolute;top:15px;right:20px;bottom:15px;left:140px;text-align:left;height:105px}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content-inner a{display:inline-block}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content-inner div.at-h6{text-align:left;margin:0;padding:0 0 3px;font-size:11px;color:#666;cursor:default}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content .at-h3{text-align:left;margin:5px 0;padding:0;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:400;font-size:14px;height:3pc}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content-inner a:link,.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content-inner a:visited{text-decoration:none;font-weight:400;color:#464646}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content-inner a:hover{color:#000}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content-inner small{position:absolute;bottom:15px;line-height:10px;font-size:11px;color:#666;cursor:default;text-align:left}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-img{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:90pt;height:90pt;overflow:hidden}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-img img{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;max-height:none;max-width:none}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-close-control{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;display:block;width:20px;height:20px;line-height:20px;margin:0 5px 0 0;padding:0;text-indent:-9999em}.at-whatsnext-open-control{position:fixed;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:100020}.at4-whatsnext.ats-dark{background:#262b30}.at4-whatsnext.ats-dark .at-whatsnext-content .at-h3,.at4-whatsnext.ats-dark .at-whatsnext-content a.at4-logo:hover,.at4-whatsnext.ats-dark .at-whatsnext-content-inner a:link,.at4-whatsnext.ats-dark .at-whatsnext-content-inner a:visited{color:#fff}.at4-whatsnext.ats-light{background:#fff}.at4-whatsnext.ats-gray{background:#f2f2f2}.at4-whatsnext.at-whatsnext-nophoto{width:270px}.at4-whatsnext.at-whatsnext-nophoto .at-whatsnext-content-img{display:none}.at4-whatsnext.at-whatsnext-nophoto .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-inner{top:15px;right:0;left:20px}.at4-whatsnext.at-whatsnext-nophoto .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-inner.addthis_32x32_style{top:0;right:0;left:0;padding:45px 20px 0;font-size:20px}.at4-whatsnext.at-whatsnext-nophoto .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-inner .at4-icon,.at4-whatsnext.at-whatsnext-nophoto .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-inner .at4-icon-fw,.at4-whatsnext.at-whatsnext-nophoto .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-inner .whatsnext-msg{vertical-align:middle}.at-whatsnext-img,.at-whatsnext-img-lnk{position:absolute;left:0}</style><style type="text/css">.at4-whatsnextmobile{position:fixed;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;background:#fff;z-index:9999998;height:170px;font-size:28px}.at4-whatsnextmobile .col-2{height:100%;font-size:1em}.at4-whatsnextmobile .col-2:first-child{max-width:200px;display:inline-block;float:left}.at4-whatsnextmobile .col-2:last-child{position:absolute;left:200px;right:50px;top:0;bottom:0;display:inline-block}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-whatsnext-content-inner{font-size:1em}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-whatsnext-content-img img{height:100%;width:100%}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-close-control{font-size:1em;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:50px;height:50px}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-close-control button{width:100%;height:100%;font-size:1em;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;opacity:.5;padding:0;cursor:pointer;background:0 0;border:0;-webkit-appearance:none}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-h3,.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-h6{font-size:1em;margin:0;color:#a1a1a1;margin-left:2.5%;margin-top:25px}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-h3{font-size:1em;line-height:1em;font-weight:500;height:50%}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-h3 a{font-size:1em;text-decoration:none}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-h6{font-size:.8em;line-height:.8em;font-weight:500}.at4-whatsnextmobile .footer{position:absolute;bottom:2px;left:200px;right:0;padding-left:2.5%;font-size:1em;line-height:.6em}.at4-whatsnextmobile .footer small{font-size:.6em;color:#a1a1a1}.at4-whatsnextmobile .footer small:first-child{margin-right:5%;float:left}.at4-whatsnextmobile .footer small:last-child{margin-right:2.5%;float:right}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-whatsnext-content{height:100%}.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-dark{background:#262b30;color:#fff}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-close-control button{color:#bfbfbf}.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-dark a:link,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-dark a:visited{color:#fff}.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-gray{background:#f2f2f2;color:#262b30}.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-light{background:#fff;color:#262b30}.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-dark .footer a:link,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-dark .footer a:visited,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-gray .footer a:link,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-gray .footer a:visited,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-light .footer a:link,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-light .footer a:visited{color:#a1a1a1}.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-gray a:link,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-gray a:visited,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-light a:link,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-light a:visited{color:#262b30}@media only screen and (min-device-width:320px) and (max-device-width:480px){.at4-whatsnextmobile{height:85px;font-size:14px}.at4-whatsnextmobile .col-2:first-child{width:75pt}.at4-whatsnextmobile .col-2:last-child{right:25px;left:75pt}.at4-whatsnextmobile .footer{left:75pt}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-close-control{width:25px;height:25px}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-h3,.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-h6{margin-top:12.5px}}</style><style type="text/css">.at-custom-mobile-bar{left:0;right:0;width:100%;height:56px;position:fixed;text-align:center;z-index:100020;background:#fff;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 0 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);font:initial;line-height:normal;top:auto;bottom:0}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-custom-mobile-bar-zindex-hide{z-index:-1!important}.at-custom-mobile-bar.atss-top{top:0;bottom:auto}.at-custom-mobile-bar.atss-bottom{top:auto;bottom:0}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-custom-mobile-bar-btns{display:inline-block;text-align:center}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-custom-mobile-bar-counter,.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-share-btn{margin-top:4px}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-share-btn{display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none;box-sizing:content-box}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-custom-mobile-bar-counter{font-family:Helvetica neue,arial;vertical-align:top;margin-left:4px;margin-right:4px;display:inline-block}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-custom-mobile-bar-count{font-size:26px;line-height:1.25em;color:#222}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-custom-mobile-bar-text{font-size:9pt;line-height:1.25em;color:#888;letter-spacing:1px}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-icon-wrapper{text-align:center;height:3pc;width:3pc;margin:0 4px}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-icon{vertical-align:top;margin:8px;width:2pc;height:2pc}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-medium{height:3pc}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-medium .at-custom-mobile-bar-counter{margin-top:6px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-medium .at-custom-mobile-bar-count{font-size:18px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-medium .at-custom-mobile-bar-text{font-size:10px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-medium .at-icon-wrapper{height:40px;width:40px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-medium .at-icon{margin:6px;width:28px;height:28px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-small{height:40px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-small .at-custom-mobile-bar-counter{margin-top:3px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-small .at-custom-mobile-bar-count{font-size:1pc}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-small .at-custom-mobile-bar-text{font-size:10px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-small .at-icon-wrapper{height:2pc;width:2pc}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-small .at-icon{margin:4px;width:24px;height:24px}</style><style type="text/css">.at-custom-sidebar{top:20%;width:58px;position:fixed;text-align:center;z-index:100020;background:#fff;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 0 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);font:initial;line-height:normal;top:auto;bottom:0}.at-custom-sidebar.at-custom-sidebar-zindex-hide{z-index:-1!important}.at-custom-sidebar.atss-left{left:0;right:auto;float:left;border-radius:0 4px 4px 0}.at-custom-sidebar.atss-right{left:auto;right:0;float:right;border-radius:4px 0 0 4px}.at-custom-sidebar .at-custom-sidebar-btns{display:inline-block;text-align:center;padding-top:4px}.at-custom-sidebar .at-custom-sidebar-counter{margin-bottom:8px}.at-custom-sidebar .at-share-btn{display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none;box-sizing:content-box}.at-custom-sidebar .at-custom-sidebar-counter{font-family:Helvetica neue,arial;vertical-align:top;margin-left:4px;margin-right:4px;display:inline-block}.at-custom-sidebar .at-custom-sidebar-count{font-size:21px;line-height:1.25em;color:#222}.at-custom-sidebar .at-custom-sidebar-text{font-size:10px;line-height:1.25em;color:#888;letter-spacing:1px}.at-custom-sidebar .at-icon-wrapper{text-align:center;margin:0 4px}.at-custom-sidebar .at-icon{vertical-align:top;margin:9px;width:2pc;height:2pc}.at-custom-sidebar .at-icon-wrapper{position:relative}.at-custom-sidebar .at4-share-count,.at-custom-sidebar .at4-share-count-container{line-height:1pc;font-size:10px}.at-custom-sidebar .at4-share-count{text-indent:0;font-family:Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-weight:200;width:100%;height:1pc}.at-custom-sidebar .at4-share-count-anchor .at-icon{margin-top:3px}.at-custom-sidebar .at4-share-count-container{position:absolute;left:0;right:auto;top:auto;bottom:0;width:100%;color:#fff;background:inherit}</style><style type="text/css">.at-image-sharing-mobile-icon{position:absolute;background:#000 url(//s7.addthis.com/static/44a36d35bafef33aa9455b7d3039a771.png) no-repeat top center;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.9);background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/10db525181ee0bbe1a515001be1c7818.svg),none;border-radius:3px;width:50px;height:40px;top:-9999px;left:-9999px}.at-image-sharing-tool{display:block;position:absolute;text-align:center;z-index:9001;background:none;overflow:hidden;top:-9999px;left:-9999px;font:initial;line-height:0}.at-image-sharing-tool.addthis-animated{-webkit-animation-duration:.15s;animation-duration:.15s}.at-image-sharing-tool.at-orientation-vertical .at-share-btn{display:block}.at-image-sharing-tool.at-orientation-horizontal .at-share-btn{display:inline-block}.at-image-sharing-tool.at-image-sharing-tool-size-big .at-icon{width:43px;height:43px}.at-image-sharing-tool.at-image-sharing-tool-size-mobile .at-share-btn{margin:0!important}.at-image-sharing-tool.at-image-sharing-tool-size-mobile .at-icon-wrapper{height:60px;width:100%;border-radius:0!important}.at-image-sharing-tool.at-image-sharing-tool-size-mobile .at-icon{max-width:100%;height:54px!important;width:54px!important}.at-image-sharing-tool .at-custom-shape.at-image-sharing-tool-btns{margin-right:8px;margin-bottom:8px}.at-image-sharing-tool .at-custom-shape .at-share-btn{margin-top:8px;margin-left:8px}.at-image-sharing-tool .at-share-btn{line-height:0;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none;box-sizing:content-box}.at-image-sharing-tool .at-icon-wrapper{text-align:center;height:100%;width:100%}.at-image-sharing-tool .at-icon{vertical-align:top;width:2pc;height:2pc;margin:3px}</style><style type="text/css">.at-expanding-share-button{box-sizing:border-box;position:fixed;z-index:9999}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right]{bottom:10px;right:10px}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right] .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg,.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right] .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn[data-name]:after,.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right] .at-icon-wrapper,.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right] [data-name]:after{float:right}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right] [data-name]:after{margin-right:10px}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right] .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn[data-name]:after{margin-right:5px}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right] .at-icon-wrapper{margin-right:-3px}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-left]{bottom:10px;left:10px}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-left] .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg,.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-left] .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn[data-name]:after,.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-left] .at-icon-wrapper,.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-left] [data-name]:after{float:left}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-left] [data-name]:after{margin-left:10px}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-left] .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn[data-name]:after{margin-left:5px}.at-expanding-share-button *,.at-expanding-share-button :after,.at-expanding-share-button :before{box-sizing:border-box}.at-expanding-share-button .at-expanding-share-button-services-list{display:none;list-style:none;margin:0 5px;overflow:visible;padding:0}.at-expanding-share-button .at-expanding-share-button-services-list>li{display:block;height:45px;position:relative;overflow:visible}.at-expanding-share-button .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn,.at-expanding-share-button .at-share-btn{-webkit-transition:.1s;transition:.1s;text-decoration:none}.at-expanding-share-button .at-share-btn{display:block;height:40px;padding:0 3px 0 0}.at-expanding-share-button .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn{position:relative;overflow:auto}.at-expanding-share-button .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn.at-expanding-share-button-hidden[data-name]:after{display:none}.at-expanding-share-button .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg{box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.3);border-radius:50%;position:relative}.at-expanding-share-button .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg>span{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width%3D%2232px%22%20height%3D%2232px%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2032%2032%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Ctitle%3Eshare%3C%2Ftitle%3E%3Cg%20stroke%3D%22none%22%20stroke-width%3D%221%22%20fill%3D%22none%22%20fill-rule%3D%22evenodd%22%3E%3Cg%20fill%3D%22%23FFFFFF%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M26%2C13.4285714%20C26%2C13.6220248%2025.9293162%2C13.7894338%2025.7879464%2C13.9308036%20L20.0736607%2C19.6450893%20C19.932291%2C19.786459%2019.7648819%2C19.8571429%2019.5714286%2C19.8571429%20C19.3779752%2C19.8571429%2019.2105662%2C19.786459%2019.0691964%2C19.6450893%20C18.9278267%2C19.5037195%2018.8571429%2C19.3363105%2018.8571429%2C19.1428571%20L18.8571429%2C16.2857143%20L16.3571429%2C16.2857143%20C15.6279725%2C16.2857143%2014.9750773%2C16.3080355%2014.3984375%2C16.3526786%20C13.8217977%2C16.3973217%2013.2488868%2C16.477306%2012.6796875%2C16.5926339%20C12.1104882%2C16.7079619%2011.6157015%2C16.8660704%2011.1953125%2C17.0669643%20C10.7749235%2C17.2678581%2010.3824423%2C17.5264121%2010.0178571%2C17.8426339%20C9.65327199%2C18.1588557%209.35565592%2C18.534596%209.125%2C18.9698661%20C8.89434408%2C19.4051361%208.71391434%2C19.9203839%208.58370536%2C20.515625%20C8.45349637%2C21.1108661%208.38839286%2C21.7842224%208.38839286%2C22.5357143%20C8.38839286%2C22.9449425%208.40699386%2C23.4025272%208.44419643%2C23.9084821%20C8.44419643%2C23.9531252%208.45349693%2C24.0405499%208.47209821%2C24.1707589%20C8.4906995%2C24.3009679%208.5%2C24.3995532%208.5%2C24.4665179%20C8.5%2C24.5781256%208.46837829%2C24.6711306%208.40513393%2C24.7455357%20C8.34188956%2C24.8199408%208.25446484%2C24.8571429%208.14285714%2C24.8571429%20C8.02380893%2C24.8571429%207.9196433%2C24.7938994%207.83035714%2C24.6674107%20C7.77827355%2C24.6004461%207.72991094%2C24.5186017%207.68526786%2C24.421875%20C7.64062478%2C24.3251483%207.59040206%2C24.2135423%207.53459821%2C24.0870536%20C7.47879436%2C23.9605648%207.43973225%2C23.87128%207.41741071%2C23.8191964%20C6.47246551%2C21.6986501%206%2C20.0208395%206%2C18.7857143%20C6%2C17.3050521%206.19717065%2C16.0662252%206.59151786%2C15.0691964%20C7.79688103%2C12.0706695%2011.0520568%2C10.5714286%2016.3571429%2C10.5714286%20L18.8571429%2C10.5714286%20L18.8571429%2C7.71428571%20C18.8571429%2C7.52083237%2018.9278267%2C7.35342333%2019.0691964%2C7.21205357%20C19.2105662%2C7.07068382%2019.3779752%2C7%2019.5714286%2C7%20C19.7648819%2C7%2019.932291%2C7.07068382%2020.0736607%2C7.21205357%20L25.7879464%2C12.9263393%20C25.9293162%2C13.067709%2026%2C13.2351181%2026%2C13.4285714%20L26%2C13.4285714%20Z%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E");background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-transition:transform .4s ease;transition:transform .4s ease;border-radius:50%;display:block}.at-expanding-share-button .at-icon-wrapper{box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.3);border-radius:50%;display:inline-block;height:40px;line-height:40px;text-align:center;width:40px}.at-expanding-share-button .at-icon{display:inline-block;height:34px;margin:3px 0;vertical-align:top;width:34px}.at-expanding-share-button [data-name]:after{box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.3);-webkit-transform:translate(0, -50%);transform:translate(0, -50%);-webkit-transition:.4s;transition:.4s;background-color:#fff;border-radius:3px;color:#666;content:attr(data-name);font-family:Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:9pt;line-height:9pt;font-weight:500;opacity:0;padding:3px 5px;position:relative;top:20px;white-space:nowrap}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-show-icons .at-expanding-share-button-services-list{display:block}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-animate-in .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg>span{-webkit-transform:rotate(270deg);transform:rotate(270deg);background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20xmlns%3Axlink%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1999%2Fxlink%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2032%2032%22%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M18%2014V8h-4v6H8v4h6v6h4v-6h6v-4h-6z%22%20fill-rule%3D%22evenodd%22%20fill%3D%22white%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E");background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-animate-in [data-name]:after{opacity:1}.at-expanding-share-button.at-hide-label [data-name]:after{display:none}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-desktop .at-expanding-share-button-toggle{height:50px}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-desktop .at-icon-wrapper:hover{box-shadow:0 2px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.5)}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-desktop .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg{height:50px;line-height:50px;width:50px}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-desktop .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg>span{height:50px;width:50px}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-desktop .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg:after{box-shadow:0 2px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);-webkit-transition:opacity .2s ease;transition:opacity .2s ease;border-radius:50%;content:'';height:100%;opacity:0;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-desktop .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg:hover:after{opacity:1}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-desktop .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn[data-name]:after{top:25px}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-expanding-share-button-services-list{margin:0}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn,.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-share-btn{outline:0}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-expanding-share-button-toggle{height:40px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg,.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg span{height:40px;line-height:40px;width:40px}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-expanding-share-button-click-flash{-webkit-transform:scale(0);transform:scale(0);-webkit-transition:transform ease,opacity ease-in;transition:transform ease,opacity ease-in;background-color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.3);border-radius:50%;height:40px;opacity:1;position:absolute;width:40px;z-index:10000}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-expanding-share-button-click-flash.at-expanding-share-button-click-flash-animate{-webkit-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1);opacity:0}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile+.at-expanding-share-button-mobile-overlay{-webkit-transition:opacity ease;transition:opacity ease;bottom:0;background-color:hsla(0,0%,87%,.7);display:block;height:auto;left:0;opacity:0;position:fixed;right:0;top:0;width:auto;z-index:9998}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile+.at-expanding-share-button-mobile-overlay.at-expanding-share-button-hidden{height:0;width:0;z-index:-10000}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile.at-expanding-share-button-animate-in+.at-expanding-share-button-mobile-overlay{-webkit-transition:opacity ease;transition:opacity ease;opacity:1}</style><style type="text/css">#addthissmartlayerscssready{color:#bada55!important}.addthis-smartlayers,div#at4-follow,div#at4-share,div#at4-thankyou,div#at4-whatsnext{padding:0;margin:0}#at4-follow-label,#at4-share-label,#at4-whatsnext-label,.at4-recommended-label.hidden{padding:0;border:none;background:none;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;height:0;width:0;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-9999em}.addthis-smartlayers .at4-arrow:hover{cursor:pointer}.addthis-smartlayers .at4-arrow:after,.addthis-smartlayers .at4-arrow:before{content:none}a.at4-logo{background:url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBwAHAJEAAP9uQf///wAAAAAAACH5BAkKAAIALAAAAAAHAAcAAAILFH6Ge8EBH2MKiQIAOw==) no-repeat left center}.at4-minimal a.at4-logo{background:url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBwAHAJEAAP9uQf///wAAAAAAACH5BAkKAAIALAAAAAAHAAcAAAILFH6Ge8EBH2MKiQIAOw==) no-repeat left center!important}button.at4-closebutton{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;padding:0;margin-right:10px;cursor:pointer;background:transparent;border:0;-webkit-appearance:none;font-size:19px;line-height:1;color:#000;text-shadow:0 1px 0 #fff;opacity:.2}button.at4-closebutton:hover{color:#000;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;opacity:.5}div.at4-arrow{background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;width:20px;height:20px;margin:0;padding:0;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-9999em;text-align:left;cursor:pointer}#at4-recommendedpanel-outer-container .at4-arrow.at-right,div.at4-arrow.at-right{background-position:-20px 0}#at4-recommendedpanel-outer-container .at4-arrow.at-left,div.at4-arrow.at-left{background-position:0 0}div.at4-arrow.at-down{background-position:-60px 0}div.at4-arrow.at-up{background-position:-40px 0}.ats-dark div.at4-arrow.at-right{background-position:-20px -20px}.ats-dark div.at4-arrow.at-left{background-position:0 -20px}.ats-dark div.at4-arrow.at-down{background-position:-60px -20px}.ats-dark div.at4-arrow.at-up{background-position:-40px -20}.at4-opacity-hidden{opacity:0!important}.at4-opacity-visible{opacity:1!important}.at4-visually-hidden{position:absolute;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);padding:0;border:0;overflow:hidden}.at4-hidden-off-screen,.at4-hidden-off-screen *{position:absolute!important;top:-9999px!important;left:-9999px!important}.at4-show{display:block!important;opacity:1!important}.at4-show-content{opacity:1!important;visibility:visible}.at4-hide{display:none!important;opacity:0!important}.at4-hide-content{opacity:0!important;visibility:hidden}.at4-visible{display:block!important;opacity:0!important}.at-wordpress-hide{display:none!important;opacity:0!important}.addthis-animated{-webkit-animation-fill-mode:both;animation-fill-mode:both;animation-timing-function:ease-out;-webkit-animation-duration:.3s;animation-duration:.3s}.slideInDown.addthis-animated,.slideInLeft.addthis-animated,.slideInRight.addthis-animated,.slideInUp.addthis-animated,.slideOutDown.addthis-animated,.slideOutLeft.addthis-animated,.slideOutRight.addthis-animated,.slideOutUp.addthis-animated{-webkit-animation-duration:.4s;animation-duration:.4s}@-webkit-keyframes fadeIn{0%{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}@keyframes fadeIn{0%{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}.fadeIn{-webkit-animation-name:fadeIn;animation-name:fadeIn}@-webkit-keyframes fadeInUp{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(20px)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}}@keyframes fadeInUp{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(20px)}to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}}.fadeInUp{-webkit-animation-name:fadeInUp;animation-name:fadeInUp}@-webkit-keyframes fadeInDown{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(-20px)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}}@keyframes fadeInDown{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-20px)}to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}}.fadeInDown{-webkit-animation-name:fadeInDown;animation-name:fadeInDown}@-webkit-keyframes fadeInLeft{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(-20px)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateX(0)}}@keyframes fadeInLeft{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateX(-20px)}to{opacity:1;transform:translateX(0)}}.fadeInLeft{-webkit-animation-name:fadeInLeft;animation-name:fadeInLeft}@-webkit-keyframes fadeInRight{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(20px)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateX(0)}}@keyframes fadeInRight{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateX(20px)}to{opacity:1;transform:translateX(0)}}.fadeInRight{-webkit-animation-name:fadeInRight;animation-name:fadeInRight}@-webkit-keyframes fadeOut{0%{opacity:1}to{opacity:0}}@keyframes fadeOut{0%{opacity:1}to{opacity:0}}.fadeOut{-webkit-animation-name:fadeOut;animation-name:fadeOut}@-webkit-keyframes fadeOutUp{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(-20px)}}@keyframes fadeOutUp{0%{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}to{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-20px)}}.fadeOutUp{-webkit-animation-name:fadeOutUp;animation-name:fadeOutUp}@-webkit-keyframes fadeOutDown{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(20px)}}@keyframes fadeOutDown{0%{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}to{opacity:0;transform:translateY(20px)}}.fadeOutDown{-webkit-animation-name:fadeOutDown;animation-name:fadeOutDown}@-webkit-keyframes fadeOutLeft{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateX(0)}to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(-20px)}}@keyframes fadeOutLeft{0%{opacity:1;transform:translateX(0)}to{opacity:0;transform:translateX(-20px)}}.fadeOutLeft{-webkit-animation-name:fadeOutLeft;animation-name:fadeOutLeft}@-webkit-keyframes fadeOutRight{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateX(0)}to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(20px)}}@keyframes fadeOutRight{0%{opacity:1;transform:translateX(0)}to{opacity:0;transform:translateX(20px)}}.fadeOutRight{-webkit-animation-name:fadeOutRight;animation-name:fadeOutRight}@-webkit-keyframes slideInUp{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(1500px)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}}@keyframes slideInUp{0%{transform:translateY(1500px)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{transform:translateY(0)}}.slideInUp{-webkit-animation-name:slideInUp;animation-name:slideInUp}.slideInUp.addthis-animated{-webkit-animation-duration:.4s;animation-duration:.4s}@-webkit-keyframes slideInDown{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(-850px)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}}@keyframes slideInDown{0%{transform:translateY(-850px)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{transform:translateY(0)}}.slideInDown{-webkit-animation-name:slideInDown;animation-name:slideInDown}@-webkit-keyframes slideOutUp{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{-webkit-transform:translateY(-250px)}}@keyframes slideOutUp{0%{transform:translateY(0)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{transform:translateY(-250px)}}.slideOutUp{-webkit-animation-name:slideOutUp;animation-name:slideOutUp}@-webkit-keyframes slideOutUpFast{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{-webkit-transform:translateY(-1250px)}}@keyframes slideOutUpFast{0%{transform:translateY(0)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{transform:translateY(-1250px)}}#at4m-menu.slideOutUp{-webkit-animation-name:slideOutUpFast;animation-name:slideOutUpFast}@-webkit-keyframes slideOutDown{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{-webkit-transform:translateY(350px)}}@keyframes slideOutDown{0%{transform:translateY(0)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{transform:translateY(350px)}}.slideOutDown{-webkit-animation-name:slideOutDown;animation-name:slideOutDown}@-webkit-keyframes slideOutDownFast{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{-webkit-transform:translateY(1250px)}}@keyframes slideOutDownFast{0%{transform:translateY(0)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{transform:translateY(1250px)}}#at4m-menu.slideOutDown{-webkit-animation-name:slideOutDownFast;animation-name:slideOutDownFast}@-webkit-keyframes slideInLeft{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(-850px);transform:translateX(-850px)}to{-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}}@keyframes slideInLeft{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(-850px);transform:translateX(-850px)}to{-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}}.slideInLeft{-webkit-animation-name:slideInLeft;animation-name:slideInLeft}@-webkit-keyframes slideInRight{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(1250px);transform:translateX(1250px)}to{-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}}@keyframes slideInRight{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(1250px);transform:translateX(1250px)}to{-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}}.slideInRight{-webkit-animation-name:slideInRight;animation-name:slideInRight}@-webkit-keyframes slideOutLeft{0%{-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(-250px);transform:translateX(-250px)}}@keyframes slideOutLeft{0%{-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(-350px);transform:translateX(-350px)}}.slideOutLeft{-webkit-animation-name:slideOutLeft;animation-name:slideOutLeft}@-webkit-keyframes slideOutRight{0%{-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(350px);transform:translateX(350px)}}@keyframes slideOutRight{0%{-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(350px);transform:translateX(350px)}}.slideOutRight{-webkit-animation-name:slideOutRight;animation-name:slideOutRight}.at4win{margin:0 auto;background:#fff;border:1px solid #ebeced;width:25pc;box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,.3);border-radius:8px;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;text-align:left;z-index:9999}.at4win .at4win-header{position:relative;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;background:#fff;height:49px;-webkit-border-top-left-radius:8px;-webkit-border-top-right-radius:8px;-moz-border-radius-topleft:8px;-moz-border-radius-topright:8px;border-top-left-radius:8px;border-top-right-radius:8px;cursor:default}.at4win .at4win-header .at-h3,.at4win .at4win-header h3{height:49px;line-height:49px;margin:0 50px 0 0;padding:1px 0 0;margin-left:20px;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:1pc;font-weight:700;text-shadow:0 1px #fff;color:#333}.at4win .at4win-header .at-h3 img,.at4win .at4win-header h3 img{display:inline-block;margin-right:4px}.at4win .at4win-header .at4-close{display:block;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;background:url("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAIABAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAAUABQAAAIzBIKpG+YMm5Enpodw1HlCfnkKOIqU1VXk55goVb2hi7Y0q95lfG70uurNaqLgTviyyUoFADs=") no-repeat center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center center;border-left:1px solid #d2d2d1;width:49px;height:49px;line-height:49px;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-9999px;text-shadow:none;cursor:pointer;opacity:.5;border:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .15s ease-in;transition:opacity .15s ease-in}.at4win .at4win-header .at4-close::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}.at4win .at4win-header .at4-close:hover{opacity:1;background-color:#ebeced;border-top-right-radius:7px}.at4win .at4win-content{position:relative;background:#fff;min-height:220px}#at4win-footer{position:relative;background:#fff;border-top:1px solid #d2d2d1;-webkit-border-bottom-right-radius:8px;-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius:8px;-moz-border-radius-bottomright:8px;-moz-border-radius-bottomleft:8px;border-bottom-right-radius:8px;border-bottom-left-radius:8px;height:11px;line-height:11px;padding:5px 20px;font-size:11px;color:#666;-ms-box-sizing:content-box;-o-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}#at4win-footer a{margin-right:10px;text-decoration:none;color:#666}#at4win-footer a:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#000}#at4win-footer a.at4-logo{top:5px;padding-left:10px}#at4win-footer a.at4-privacy{position:absolute;top:5px;right:10px;padding-right:14px}.at4win.ats-dark{border-color:#555;box-shadow:none}.at4win.ats-dark .at4win-header{background:#1b1b1b;-webkit-border-top-left-radius:6px;-webkit-border-top-right-radius:6px;-moz-border-radius-topleft:6px;-moz-border-radius-topright:6px;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px}.at4win.ats-dark .at4win-header .at4-close{background:url("data:image/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlzAAALEgAACxIB0t1+/AAAABx0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUAQWRvYmUgRmlyZXdvcmtzIENTNui8sowAAAAWdEVYdENyZWF0aW9uIFRpbWUAMTEvMTMvMTKswDp5AAAAd0lEQVQ4jb2VQRLAIAgDE///Z3qqY1FAhalHMCsCIkVEAIAkkVgvp2lDBgYAnAyHkWotLccNrEd4A7X2TqIdqLfnWBAdaF5rJdyJfjtPH5GT37CaGhoVq3nOm/XflUuLUto2pY1d+vRKh0Pp+MrAVtDe2JkvYNQ+jVSEEFmOkggAAAAASUVORK5CYII=") no-repeat center center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/fb08f6d50887bd0caacc86a62bcdcf68.svg),none;border-color:#333}.at4win.ats-dark .at4win-header .at4-close:hover{background-color:#000}.at4win.ats-dark .at4win-header .at-h3,.at4win.ats-dark .at4win-header h3{color:#fff;text-shadow:0 1px #000}.at4win.ats-gray .at4win-header{background:#fff;border-color:#d2d2d1;-webkit-border-top-left-radius:6px;-webkit-border-top-right-radius:6px;-moz-border-radius-topleft:6px;-moz-border-radius-topright:6px;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px}.at4win.ats-gray .at4win-header a.at4-close{border-color:#d2d2d1}.at4win.ats-gray .at4win-header a.at4-close:hover{background-color:#ebeced}.at4win.ats-gray #at4win-footer{border-color:#ebeced}.at4win .clear{clear:both}.at4win ::selection{background:#fe6d4c;color:#fff}.at4win ::-moz-selection{background:#fe6d4c;color:#fff}.at4-icon-fw{display:inline-block;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 0;margin:0 5px 0 0;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-9999em;cursor:pointer;padding:0;border-radius:50%;-moz-border-radius:50%;-webkit-border-radius:50%}.at44-follow-container a.aticon{height:2pc;margin:0 5px 5px 0}.at44-follow-container .at4-icon-fw{margin:0}</style></head>

<body id="resources">
<div id="container">
<div id="header">
<div id="logo"><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/" title="Scribendi Editing and Proofreading"><span>Scribendi Editing and Proofreading</span></a></div>
<form class="keywordSearchForm no-tablet" method="get" action="https://www.scribendi.com/search">
<div class="container">
<div>
<input type="text" name="s" value="" maxlength="100" class="keywords">
<input type="submit" class="hidden" name="submit" value="Search" title="Search">
</div>
<input type="submit" class="button" value="Search" title="Search" alt="Search">
</div>
</form>

            <button data-target="#navbar-wrap" data-toggle="collapse" type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed">
            <span class="icon-bar"></span>
            <span class="icon-bar"></span>
            <span class="icon-bar"></span>
        </button>
   
<div id="tagline" class="no-tablet">
                    <div class="main">Fast, Affordable, Professional <span class="nowrap">Editing and Proofreading</span></div>
            <div class="words">Trusted with more than 1,254 million words<span class="nowrap">—Open 24/7</span></div>
</div>
</div>
            <div id="navbar-main" class="navbar navbar-default">
                <div id="navbar-wrap" class="navbar-collapse collapse">
                                            <ul id="mainMenu" class="nav navbar-nav">
    <li class="hidden">
        <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html#content" rel="section"><span>Skip the menu</span></a>
    </li>
    <li class="dropdown first">
        <a class="dropdown-toggle" aria-expanded="false" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" accesskey="1" href="https://www.scribendi.com/" title="Editing and Proofreading Services">
            Editing Services
            <span class="rmenu caret"></span>
        </a>
        <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu">
            <li class="rmenu"><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/" title="Home">Home</a></li>
            <li class="first"><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/authors.en.html" title="Editing, Proofreading, and Manuscript Services for Authors">Authors</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/academic.en.html" title="Editing and Proofreading for Students and Academics">Student/Academic</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/esl.en.html" title="English Editing and English Proofreading Services for ESL Speakers"><abbr title="English as a Second Language">ESL</abbr></a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/business.en.html" title="Editing and Proofreading Services for Business People">Business</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/corporate.en.html" title="Editing and Proofreading Services for Corporations, Governments, and Other Organizations">Corporate/Government</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/personal.en.html" title="Editing and Proofreading Services for Personal Documents">Personal</a></li>
        </ul>
    </li>
    <li class="dropdown">
        <a class="dropdown-toggle" aria-expanded="false" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" accesskey="5" href="https://www.scribendi.com/faq/" title="Frequently Asked Questions About Scribendi.com">
            FAQs
            <span class="rmenu caret"></span>
        </a>
        <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu">
            <li class="first"><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/faq/" title="All FAQs">All FAQs</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/faq/technical.en.html" title="Frequently Asked Questions about How Do I...? Technical Issues">How Do I...?</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/faq/pricing_payments_currencies.en.html" title="Frequently Asked Questions about Pricing, Payments, and Currencies">Pricing, Payments, and Currencies</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/faq/employment.en.html" title="Frequently Asked Questions about Employment Opportunities">Employment Opportunities</a></li>
        </ul>
    </li>
    <li class="dropdown">
        <a class="dropdown-toggle" aria-expanded="false" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" href="https://www.scribendi.com/customer" title="My Account">
            My Scribendi
            <span class="rmenu caret"></span>
        </a>
        <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu">
            <li class="rmenu"><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/customer" title="My Control Panel">My Control Panel</a></li>
            <li class="first"><a accesskey="6" href="https://www.scribendi.com/tracking" title="My Orders">My Orders</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/customer" title="My Account">My Account</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/register" title="Create an Account">Create an Account</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/contact" title="Contact Us">Contact Us</a></li>
        </ul>
    </li>
    <li class="dropdown current">
        <a class="dropdown-toggle" aria-expanded="false" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" href="https://www.scribendi.com/resources" title="Writing Resources">
            Writing Resources
            <span class="rmenu caret"></span>
        </a>
        <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu">
            <li class="rmenu"><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/resources" title="All Writing Resources">All Writing Resources</a></li>
            <li class="first"><a accesskey="7" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/" title="Advice and Articles">Advice and Articles</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/podcast/" title="Scribendi.com Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/bookstore" title="Books">Books</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/courses" title="Scribendi.com Training Courses">Training Courses</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/glossary.en.html" title="Scribendi.com Glossary">Glossary</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/wordcount" title="Tools">Tools</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/editing_services_api" title="Scribendi Editing Services API">API</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/links.en.html" title="Useful Sites">Useful Sites</a></li>
        </ul>
    </li>
    <li class="dropdown">
        <a class="dropdown-toggle" aria-expanded="false" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" href="https://www.scribendi.com/about.en.html" accesskey="2" title="About Us">
            About Us
            <span class="rmenu caret"></span>
        </a>
        <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu">
            <li class="first"><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/about.en.html" title="About Us">About Us</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/quality_assurance.en.html" title="Quality Assurance">Quality Assurance</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/partner_with_us.en.html" title="Partner With Us">Partner With Us</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/awards.en.html" title="Awards and Memberships">Awards</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/news" title="News and Press">News</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/testimonials" title="Client Testimonials">Testimonials</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/case_studies.en.html" title="Customer Case Studies">Case Studies</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/employment.en.html" title="Employment Opportunities">Employment</a></li>
        </ul>
    </li>
    <li>
        <a accesskey="9" href="https://www.scribendi.com/contact" title="Contact Us">Contact</a>
    </li>
</ul>

                                    </div>
            </div>


<div id="content" class="content noAttractor bs-shiv article-single">

        <div class="breadcrumb">
        You are here: &gt;
        <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/" title="Home">Home</a>
        <span>&gt;</span>
        <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/resources/" title="Resources">Resources</a>
        <span>&gt;</span>
                <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/" title="Advice and Articles">Advice and Articles</a>
                        <span class="selected">&gt;</span>
        <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html" title="How to Write an Introduction" class="selected">How to Write an Introduction</a>
    </div>

    <div class="row">

                <div class="col-sm-9">

                            <div class="page-header">
        <h1>How to Write an Introduction</h1>
            </div>

                        
                                <div class="page">
                                                            <h2><em>Advice on how to write an introduction to an essay</em></h2>
<div class="mceTmpl">
<div class="objFloatRight">
<div class="alignCenter"><img title="Our editors provide advice about how to write an essay introduction." src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/essay-introduction.jpg" alt="A pencil lying on a blue notebook with the word &quot;composition&quot; across the front." width="250" height="188"></div>
<div class="caption">Follow these helpful tips while writing your</div>
<div class="caption">next essay introduciton.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>I once had a professor tell a class that he sifted through our pile of essays, glancing at the titles and introductions, looking for something that grabbed his attention. Everything else went to the bottom of the pile to be read last, when he was tired and probably grumpy from all the marking.</p>
<p>"Don't get put at the bottom of the pile," he said.</p>
<p>We don't want you, intrepid essay writer, to be put at the bottom of the pile because of poor <a title="Essay writing." href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/essay_writing.en.html" target="_self">essay writing</a>. An introduction does exactly what its name implies: it introduces the subject of the paper to readers. But most importantly, it provides readers with a map to the overall paper. A good introduction captures readers' attention, tells them what the paper is about, and provides an <a title="How to write an outline." href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_outline.en.html" target="_self">outline</a> of what is to come. The introduction is quite possibly the most important part of an essay, but it can also be the hardest for some writers. Don't fret though; we're here to provide you with some tips and guidelines for writing introductions and staying on the top of the pile.</p>
<h3>Tips for writing an introduction</h3>
<h4>Start with a bang!</h4>
<p>If you really want to draw readers in, you have to start your introduction with something attention grabbing. This can be a startling fact, an interesting anecdote, or a relevant quote from an expert. Refer to our article about <a title="What is Front Matter?" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/front_matter.en.html" target="_self">front matter</a> for more ideas for what to include at the beginning of your work. You can even present the point you are going to argue against.</p>
<h4>Be general before you’re specific.</h4>
<p>You must provide your readers with a little background or basic information about the topic you are covering. Start with the broader subject and lead your readers to your specific topic. This is especially important when writing a <a title="Writing a book report." href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_a_book_report_part_two.en.html" target="_self">book report</a>. Show them how your topic relates to the bigger picture.</p>
<h4>Lay it on 'em.</h4>
<p>After providing your readers with some background, use your essay introduction to outline what you are going to discuss. Lay out your main points and arguments, preferably in the order in which you are going to discuss them.</p>
<h4>What's your point?</h4>
<p>The most important thing to include when writing an introduction is your thesis! A <a title="How to write a thesis statement." href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/thesis_statement.en.html" target="_self">thesis statement</a> is the main point of your paper; it is narrow, focused, and specific. A thesis can be something you are arguing for or it can be something you are arguing against. Whatever the case, be sure to include it. The thesis can come before your outline or at the very end of your essay introduction.</p>
<h4>Length matters.</h4>
<p>There is no rule for exactly how long an introduction should be. You must consider the length of your overall paper when writing your introduction. An appropriate length for a five-page essay is about half a page, but if you are writing a 40-page paper, your introduction will span several pages and multiple paragraphs.</p>
<p>Check out our <a title="An example of an introduction." href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/example_of_a_essay_introduction.en.html" target="_self">example introduction</a> to an essay to get a better understanding of how to best lay out your first paragraph. One final tip: write the introduction when it's easiest for you. Some writers find introductions extremely hard to write. It may be easier for them to write the introduction last (and maybe even write the conclusion and <a title="What is back matter?" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/what_is_back_matter.en.html" target="_self">back matter</a> first). Other writers find introductions help them find the direction of their paper and write them very early in the writing process. If you are struggling with your essay introduction, put it aside for a while and continue with the body of the paper.&nbsp;</p>
<p>--</p>
<p>Want to learn more? Check out <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00BUZ3BY6/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=B00BUZ3BY6&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;tag=chandrakclarkeco&amp;linkId=W2JA3LFK4C6Q4U7B" target="_blank">How to Write an Essay in 5 Easy Steps</a></em>, available now on Amazon in Kindle and paperback.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00BUZ3BY6/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=B00BUZ3BY6&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;tag=chandrakclarkeco&amp;linkId=W2JA3LFK4C6Q4U7B" target="_blank"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/1how_to_write_an_essay.png" alt="" width="168" height="251"></a></p>
                </div>
            
                        <div class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style addthis_32x32_style" addthis:url="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html">
    <a class="addthis_button_facebook at300b" title="Facebook" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html#"><span class="at-icon-wrapper" style="background-color: rgb(59, 89, 152); line-height: 32px; height: 32px; width: 32px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 32 32" title="Facebook" alt="Facebook" style="width: 32px; height: 32px;" class="at-icon at-icon-facebook"><g><path d="M22 5.16c-.406-.054-1.806-.16-3.43-.16-3.4 0-5.733 1.825-5.733 5.17v2.882H9v3.913h3.837V27h4.604V16.965h3.823l.587-3.913h-4.41v-2.5c0-1.123.347-1.903 2.198-1.903H22V5.16z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></g></svg></span></a>
    <a class="addthis_button_twitter at300b" title="Twitter" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html#"><span class="at-icon-wrapper" style="background-color: rgb(29, 161, 242); line-height: 32px; height: 32px; width: 32px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 32 32" title="Twitter" alt="Twitter" style="width: 32px; height: 32px;" class="at-icon at-icon-twitter"><g><path d="M27.996 10.116c-.81.36-1.68.602-2.592.71a4.526 4.526 0 0 0 1.984-2.496 9.037 9.037 0 0 1-2.866 1.095 4.513 4.513 0 0 0-7.69 4.116 12.81 12.81 0 0 1-9.3-4.715 4.49 4.49 0 0 0-.612 2.27 4.51 4.51 0 0 0 2.008 3.755 4.495 4.495 0 0 1-2.044-.564v.057a4.515 4.515 0 0 0 3.62 4.425 4.52 4.52 0 0 1-2.04.077 4.517 4.517 0 0 0 4.217 3.134 9.055 9.055 0 0 1-5.604 1.93A9.18 9.18 0 0 1 6 23.85a12.773 12.773 0 0 0 6.918 2.027c8.3 0 12.84-6.876 12.84-12.84 0-.195-.005-.39-.014-.583a9.172 9.172 0 0 0 2.252-2.336" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></g></svg></span></a>
    <a class="addthis_button_print addthis_button_preferred_1 at300b" title="Print" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html#"><span class="at-icon-wrapper" style="background-color: rgb(115, 138, 141); line-height: 32px; height: 32px; width: 32px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 32 32" title="Print" alt="Print" style="width: 32px; height: 32px;" class="at-icon at-icon-print"><g><path d="M24.67 10.62h-2.86V7.49H10.82v3.12H7.95c-.5 0-.9.4-.9.9v7.66h3.77v1.31L15 24.66h6.81v-5.44h3.77v-7.7c-.01-.5-.41-.9-.91-.9zM11.88 8.56h8.86v2.06h-8.86V8.56zm10.98 9.18h-1.05v-2.1h-1.06v7.96H16.4c-1.58 0-.82-3.74-.82-3.74s-3.65.89-3.69-.78v-3.43h-1.06v2.06H9.77v-3.58h13.09v3.61zm.75-4.91c-.4 0-.72-.32-.72-.72s.32-.72.72-.72c.4 0 .72.32.72.72s-.32.72-.72.72zm-4.12 2.96h-6.1v1.06h6.1v-1.06zm-6.11 3.15h6.1v-1.06h-6.1v1.06z"></path></g></svg></span></a>
    <a class="addthis_button_email addthis_button_preferred_2 at300b" target="_blank" title="Email" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html#"><span class="at-icon-wrapper" style="background-color: rgb(132, 132, 132); line-height: 32px; height: 32px; width: 32px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 32 32" title="Email" alt="Email" style="width: 32px; height: 32px;" class="at-icon at-icon-email"><g><g fill-rule="evenodd"></g><path d="M27 22.757c0 1.24-.988 2.243-2.19 2.243H7.19C5.98 25 5 23.994 5 22.757V13.67c0-.556.39-.773.855-.496l8.78 5.238c.782.467 1.95.467 2.73 0l8.78-5.238c.472-.28.855-.063.855.495v9.087z"></path><path d="M27 9.243C27 8.006 26.02 7 24.81 7H7.19C5.988 7 5 8.004 5 9.243v.465c0 .554.385 1.232.857 1.514l9.61 5.733c.267.16.8.16 1.067 0l9.61-5.733c.473-.283.856-.96.856-1.514v-.465z"></path></g></svg></span></a>
    <a class="addthis_button_pinterest_share addthis_button_preferred_3 at300b" target="_blank" title="Pinterest" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html#"><span class="at-icon-wrapper" style="background-color: rgb(203, 32, 39); line-height: 32px; height: 32px; width: 32px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 32 32" title="Pinterest" alt="Pinterest" style="width: 32px; height: 32px;" class="at-icon at-icon-pinterest_share"><g><path d="M7 13.252c0 1.81.772 4.45 2.895 5.045.074.014.178.04.252.04.49 0 .772-1.27.772-1.63 0-.428-1.174-1.34-1.174-3.123 0-3.705 3.028-6.33 6.947-6.33 3.37 0 5.863 1.782 5.863 5.058 0 2.446-1.054 7.035-4.468 7.035-1.232 0-2.286-.83-2.286-2.018 0-1.742 1.307-3.43 1.307-5.225 0-1.092-.67-1.977-1.916-1.977-1.692 0-2.732 1.77-2.732 3.165 0 .774.104 1.63.476 2.336-.683 2.736-2.08 6.814-2.08 9.633 0 .87.135 1.728.224 2.6l.134.137.207-.07c2.494-3.178 2.405-3.8 3.533-7.96.61 1.077 2.182 1.658 3.43 1.658 5.254 0 7.614-4.77 7.614-9.067C26 7.987 21.755 5 17.094 5 12.017 5 7 8.15 7 13.252z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></g></svg></span></a>
    <a class="addthis_button_compact at300m" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html#"><span class="at-icon-wrapper" style="background-color: rgb(255, 101, 80); line-height: 32px; height: 32px; width: 32px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 32 32" title="More" alt="More" style="width: 32px; height: 32px;" class="at-icon at-icon-addthis"><g><path d="M18 14V8h-4v6H8v4h6v6h4v-6h6v-4h-6z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></g></svg></span></a>
    <a class="addthis_counter addthis_bubble_style" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html#" style="display: inline-block;"><a class="addthis_button_expanded" target="_blank" title="More" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html#">42</a><a class="atc_s addthis_button_compact">Share<span></span></a></a>
<div class="atclear"></div></div>

                        
    <div class="related-articles">

        <h3>Related Articles</h3>

        <div class="articles-index">
                                            <div class="article" title="Essay Writing: Traffic Signals for the Reader" style="cursor: pointer;">
                    <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/essay_writing.en.html" title="Essay Writing: Traffic Signals for the Reader">
                                                    <img src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/Essay-Writing_Traffic-Signals-for-the-Reader_photo_FINALIZED_100x100.jpg" class="pull-left article-thumb" alt="Essay Writing: Traffic Signals for the Reader">
                                            </a>
                    <div class="article-content">
                        <div class="article-type article-type-article">
                                                            <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-book"></span>
                                                    </div>
                                                <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/essay_writing.en.html" title="Essay Writing: Traffic Signals for the Reader" class="article-title" data-click-zone=".article">Essay Writing: Traffic Signals for the Reader</a>
                        <p>You're writing an essay, and you want a good grade, or at least to make yourself understood. How can you make this easier for your reader?</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                                            <div class="article" title="How to Write a Book Report" style="cursor: pointer;">
                    <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_a_book_report_part_one.en.html" title="How to Write a Book Report">
                                                    <img src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/How_to_Write_A_Book_Report_PartOne_photo_FINALIZED_100x100.jpg" class="pull-left article-thumb" alt="How to Write a Book Report">
                                            </a>
                    <div class="article-content">
                        <div class="article-type article-type-article">
                                                            <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-book"></span>
                                                    </div>
                                                <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_a_book_report_part_one.en.html" title="How to Write a Book Report" class="article-title" data-click-zone=".article">How to Write a Book Report</a>
                        <p>Writing a book report can be a difficult task that requires you to deal with a large amount of information in a relatively small space. But don't be discouraged—in this article we outline how to prepare for your book report and in our later article we discuss how to write a book report.</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                                            <div class="article" title="How to Write a Report on a Book" style="cursor: pointer;">
                    <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_a_book_report_part_two.en.html" title="How to Write a Report on a Book">
                                                    <img src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/How_to_Write_A_Book_Report_PartTwo_photo_FINALIZED_100x100.jpg" class="pull-left article-thumb" alt="How to Write a Report on a Book">
                                            </a>
                    <div class="article-content">
                        <div class="article-type article-type-article">
                                                            <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-book"></span>
                                                    </div>
                                                <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_a_book_report_part_two.en.html" title="How to Write a Report on a Book" class="article-title" data-click-zone=".article">How to Write a Report on a Book</a>
                        <p>We have already provided students with useful tips on the importance of taking notes when reading a novel for a book report. Now it's time to put those notes into action and start writing a book report.</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                                            <div class="article" title="How to Write an Outline" style="cursor: pointer;">
                    <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_outline.en.html" title="How to Write an Outline">
                                                    <img src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/How_to_write_an_outline_photo_FINALIZED_100x100.jpg" class="pull-left article-thumb" alt="How to Write an Outline">
                                            </a>
                    <div class="article-content">
                        <div class="article-type article-type-article">
                                                            <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-book"></span>
                                                    </div>
                                                <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_outline.en.html" title="How to Write an Outline" class="article-title" data-click-zone=".article">How to Write an Outline</a>
                        <p>You've come up with the perfect thesis or essay topic, you've done plenty of research, and know everything that there is to know about your topic, and yet you can't seem to put pen to paper. This is where an outline comes in.</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                    </div>
    </div>


                        <p style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
                                    <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/" title="Advice and Articles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">
                        <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-left"></span>
                        &nbsp;Back to Advice and Articles
                    </a>
                            </p>

        </div>

                <div class="col-sm-3">
                                                                    <!-- Article Types -->
<div class="widget widget-article-types">
    <h3 style="margin-top: 5px;">Article Types</h3>
    <ul>
        <li>
            <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/">
                <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-book"></span>
                &nbsp;Articles &amp; Advice
            </a>
        </li>
        <li>
            <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/podcast/">
                <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-headphones"></span>
                &nbsp;Podcasts
            </a>
        </li>
    </ul>
</div>
<!-- Categories -->
<div class="widget widget-article-categories">
    <h3>
                    Article Categories
            </h3>
    <ul>
                    <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/authors">Authors</a></li>
                        <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/business">Business People</a></li>
                        <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/corporate">Corporations, Governments, Institutions</a></li>
                        <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/esl">English as a Second Language</a></li>
                        <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/personal">Personal</a></li>
                        <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/students">Students and Academics</a></li>
                </ul>
</div>
<div class="widget widget-email-list"><h3>Newsletter</h3>
    <form id="joinlist" method="post" accept-charset="UTF-8" action="https://www.aweber.com/scripts/addlead.pl">
        <input type="hidden" name="meta_web_form_id" value="1896498532">
        <input type="hidden" name="meta_split_id" value="">
        <input type="hidden" name="listname" value="grammaradvice">
        <input type="hidden" name="redirect" value="https://www.aweber.com/thankyou-coi.htm?m=text">
        <input type="hidden" name="meta_adtracking" value="New_Grammar_List_Form">
        <input type="hidden" name="meta_message" value="1">
        <input type="hidden" name="meta_required" value="name,email">
        <input type="hidden" name="meta_tooltip" value="">
        <fieldset>
        <p>Get free grammar tips straight to your inbox every week.</p>
        <div class="form-group">
            <label class="control-label sr-only" for="nameinput">Name</label>
            <div class="input-group">
              <div class="input-group-addon"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-user"></span>
              </div>
              <input id="nameinput" name="name" type="text" placeholder="Your Name" class="form-control input-sm" required="required">
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="form-group">
            <label class="control-label sr-only" for="emailinput">Email Address</label>
            <div class="input-group">
                <div class="input-group-addon">@</div>
                <input id="emailinput" name="email" type="email" placeholder="user@domain.com" class="form-control input-sm" required="required">
            </div>
            <p class="help-block">We respect your <a title="Privacy Policy" href="https://www.aweber.com/permission.htm" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">email privacy</a></p>
        </div>
        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-success"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-envelope"></span> Subscribe</button>
        </fieldset>
    <div style="display: none;"><img src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/displays.htm" alt="" height="0" width="0"></div></form>
</div>


    <!-- Feeds -->
    <div class="widget widget-article-categories">
    <h3>
                    RSS
                Feeds
    </h3>
    <ul>
                    <li>
                <a href="http://www.scribendi.com/advice/index.rss" rel="nofollow">
                    RSS 1.0
                </a>
            </li>
            <li>
                <a href="http://www.scribendi.com/advice/index.rss2" rel="nofollow">
                    RSS 2.0
                </a>
            </li>
            <li>
                <a href="http://www.scribendi.com/advice/index.atom" rel="nofollow">
                    Atom 1.0
                </a>
            </li>
            </ul>
</div>

<!-- Tags -->
    <div class="widget widget-tags">
        <h3>Tags</h3>
                    <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/tag/essay" rel="tag" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs" title="View resources tagged with essay">essay</a>
                    <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/tag/essay%20writing" rel="tag" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs" title="View resources tagged with essay writing">essay writing</a>
                    <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/tag/fiction%20writing" rel="tag" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs" title="View resources tagged with fiction writing">fiction writing</a>
                    <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/tag/how%20to%20write%20an%20introduction" rel="tag" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs" title="View resources tagged with how to write an introduction">how to write an introduction</a>
                    <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/tag/writing%20advice" rel="tag" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs" title="View resources tagged with writing advice">writing advice</a>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>

</div>





<div id="assurance">
<a href="http://www.bbb.org/western-ontario/business-reviews/proofreading/scribendi-in-chatham-on-1050638#sealclick" title="Scribendi.com - BBB Accredited Business Verification" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><img src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/better_business.png" alt="BBB Accredited Business" id="bbSeal"></a>
<a href="http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/our-services/certification/certificate-and-client-directory/search-results/?searchkey=licence%3d549441&amp;licencenumber=FS%20549441" title="Quality Assurance - Scribendi is ISO 9001:2008 Certified" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" onclick="window.open(this.href, &#39;bsi&#39;,&#39;height=560,width=760&#39;).focus(); return false;"><img src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/iso-9001-quality-50x108.png" alt="Quality Assurance - Scribendi is ISO 9001:2008 Certified" id="isoSeal"></a>

<script type="text/javascript">
u1 = "https://trustsealinfo.websecurity.norton.com/splash?form_file=fdf/splash.fdf&dn=www.scribendi.com&lang=en";
var sopener;
function symcBuySSL() {
    var win = window.open("https://www.symantec.com/page.jsp?id=ssl-information-center", '_blank');
    win.focus();
}
function vrsn_splash() {
    if (sopener && !sopener.closed) {
        sopener.focus();
    } else {
        tbar = "location=yes,status=yes,resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,width=560,height=500";
        var sw = window.open(u1, 'VRSN_Splash', tbar);
        if (sw) {
            sw.focus();
            sopener = sw;
        }
    }
}

function v_mact(e) {
    var s;
    s = (e.target.name == "seal");
    if (s) {
        vrsn_splash();
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}
if (document.addEventListener) {
    document.addEventListener('mouseup', v_mact, true);
}
</script>

<img name="seal" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/nortonseal.gif" oncontextmenu="return false;" border="0" usemap="#sealmap" alt="Norton Secured - This site uses SSL encryption to protect your data.">
<map name="sealmap">
<area alt="Click to Verify - This site has chosen an SSL Certificate to improve Web site security" title="" href="javascript:vrsn_splash()" shape="rect" coords="0,0,100,50" tabindex="-1" style="outline:none;">
<area alt="Click to Verify - This site has chosen an SSL Certificate to improve Web site security" title="" href="javascript:vrsn_splash()" shape="rect" coords="0,50,53,72" tabindex="-1" style="outline:none;">
<area alt="" title="" href="javascript:symcBuySSL()" shape="rect" coords="53,50,100,72" style="outline:none;">
</map>
</div>
<div id="footer">
                <p class="footer-links floatRight">
                    <a title="Editing Services" href="https://www.scribendi.com/editing_services.en.html">Editing Services</a>
                    |
                    <a title="Proofreading" href="https://www.scribendi.com/proofreading.en.html">Proofreading</a>
                    |
                    <a title="Terms of Use" href="https://www.scribendi.com/terms.en.html">Terms of Use</a>
                    |
                    <a title="Privacy Policy" accesskey="8" href="https://www.scribendi.com/privacy.en.html">Privacy Policy</a>
                    |
                    <a title="Accessibility" accesskey="0" href="https://www.scribendi.com/accesskeys.en.html">Accessibility</a>
                    |
                    <a title="Site Map" accesskey="3" href="https://www.scribendi.com/map">Site Map</a>
                </p>
<p class="copyright">
© Copyright Scribendi Inc. 1997–2017.
                </p>
                                            <p class="floatRight social-icons clear">
                            <span>
                                <a class="follow" id="fb" title="Follow Scribendi on Facebook." href="http://www.facebook.com/ScribendiInc" target="_blank"><span>Facebook</span></a>
                                <a class="follow" id="tw" title="Follow Scribendi on Twitter." href="https://twitter.com/intent/user?screen_name=Scribendi_Inc" target="_blank" onclick="window.open(this.href,&#39;intent&#39;,&#39;scrollbars=yes,resizable=yes,toolbar=no,location=yes,width=550,height=450&#39;); return false"><span>Twitter</span></a>
                                <a class="follow" id="gp" title="Follow Scribendi on Google+" href="https://plus.google.com/109383969635415250457?prsrc=3" target="_blank" rel="publisher"><span>Google+</span></a>
                            </span>
                        </p>
                                        <img alt="Scribendi.com accepts Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Discover, Diners Club, and JCB Cards securely online. Scribendi.com also accepts other online and offline payments, including AliPay and PayPal." src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/payment_logos.png" id="ccards" class="floatLeft">
<div class="clear"></div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/jquery.min.5650.js.download"></script>
<script src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/bootstrap.menu.min.5650.js.download"></script>

<script type="text/javascript">//<![CDATA[
        (function($) {
            var delay = 500, timer = null, menu = $('#mainMenu'), topItems = menu.children('li:not(.hidden)');
            topItems
                .on('mouseenter focusin touchstart', function() {
                    clearTimeout(timer);
                    topItems.removeClass('hover');
                    menu.addClass('hover');
                    $(this).addClass('hover');
                })
                .on('mouseleave focusout', function() {
                    timer = setTimeout(function() {
                        topItems.removeClass('hover');
                        menu.removeClass('hover');
                    }, delay);
                });
        })(jQuery);

    var addthis_config={pubid:'scribendi',ui_delay:150};var addthis_share={templates:{twitter:"Check out '{{title}}' {{url}} via @Scribendi_Inc"}};
    $(window).on('load',function(){d=document;a=d.createElement('script');a.src='//s7.addthis.com/js/250/addthis_widget.js';d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);});

$('#joinlist').on('submit', function() {
    if (!!window.fbq) {
        window.fbq('track', 'Lead');
    }
});
$(function() {
  $('#joinlist').append('<div style="display: none;"><img src="https://forms.aweber.com/form/displays.htm?id=jBycbCycHKzMTA==" alt="" height="0" width="0"></div>');
});

        (function($,w,d){
            $('a[data-click-zone]').each(function() {
                var a = $(this), h = this.href || !1, z = a.closest(a.data('clickZone'));
                z.attr('title', this.title).css({cursor:'pointer'}).on('mouseenter focusin touchstart', function() { z.addClass('hover'); }).on('mouseleave focusout touchend', function() { z.removeClass('hover'); }).click(function() {
                    var t=!1;w.getSelection?t=w.getSelection().toString():d.getSelection?t=d.getSelection():d.selection&&(t=d.selection.createRange().text);""==t&&(w.location=h);
                });
            });
        })(jQuery,window,document);
//]]></script>



<div style="width:0px; height:0px; display:none; visibility:hidden;" id="batBeacon0.4122562334782729"><img style="width:0px; height:0px; display:none; visibility:hidden;" id="batBeacon0.5786135342672791" width="0" height="0" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/0" alt=""><img style="width:0px; height:0px; display:none; visibility:hidden;" id="batBeacon0.34594968133931014" width="0" height="0" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/0(1)" alt=""></div><div id="_atssh" style="visibility: hidden; height: 1px; width: 1px; position: absolute; top: -9999px; z-index: 100000;"><iframe id="_atssh636" title="AddThis utility frame" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML+RDFa 1.0//EN" "http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/DTD/xhtml-rdfa-1.dtd">
<!-- saved from url=(0069)https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html -->
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" class="wf-trajanpro3-n4-active wf-trajanpro3-n6-active wf-active"><!--<![endif]--><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><script type="text/javascript" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/shares.json"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/300lo.json"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/_ate.track.config_resp"></script>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>How to Write an Introduction | Scribendi.com</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/style.5650.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/bootstrap.shiv.min.5650.css">
<meta name="description" content="Learn how to write an introduction to an essay with this powerful advice.">
<meta name="keywords" content="Introduction, essay introduction, introduction essay, the introduction, how to write an introduction, writing introduction, introduction writing">
<meta name="author" content="Scribendi Inc">
<meta name="copyright" content="Scribendi Inc 1997 - 2017">
<meta name="robots" content="index, follow"> <meta name="verify-v1" content="xciy8G7fpADFiCJen5kSrlT1fpYzmj+5EGNTY2Wgz+0=">

<meta property="og:title" content="How to Write an Introduction | Scribendi.com">
<meta property="og:image" content="http://www.scribendi.com/images/cms/essay-introduction.jpg">
<meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://www.scribendi.com/images/cms/essay-introduction.jpg">
<meta property="og:type" content="article">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.scribendi.com/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
<link rel="home" title="Home" href="https://www.scribendi.com/">
<link rel="help" title="Help" href="https://www.scribendi.com/faq/">
<link rel="search" title="Search" href="https://www.scribendi.com/search">
<link rel="author" title="Author" href="https://plus.google.com/+Scribendi">
<link rel="glossary" title="Glossary" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/glossary">
<link rel="copyright" title="Terms of Use" href="https://www.scribendi.com/terms">
<script type="text/javascript" async="" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/linkid.js.download"></script><script src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/bat.js.download" async=""></script><script async="" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/analytics.js.download"></script><script async="" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/fbevents.js.download"></script><script type="text/javascript" async="" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/gate.js.download"></script><script src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/nws7ubm.js.download" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript">

(function(d){var config={kitId:'nws7ubm',scriptTimeout:3000,async:true},h=d.documentElement,t=setTimeout(function(){h.className=h.className.replace(/\bwf-loading\b/g,"")+" wf-inactive";},config.scriptTimeout),tk=d.createElement("script"),f=false,s=d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0],a;h.className+=" wf-loading";tk.src='https://use.typekit.net/'+config.kitId+'.js';tk.async=true;tk.onload=tk.onreadystatechange=function(){a=this.readyState;if(f||a&&a!="complete"&&a!="loaded")return;f=true;clearTimeout(t);try{Typekit.load(config)}catch(e){}};s.parentNode.insertBefore(tk,s)})(document);


    ;if(typeof ROIStorage === 'undefined') {
        (function(d,b,c,f){d[b]={};d[b].windowName=d.name;d[b].GoogleAnalyticsObject=c;d[b].q=[];d[c]=function(){d[b].q.push(arguments)};d[c].q=d[c].q||[];d[b].roiq=[];d[b].analyticsJsNotLoaded=true;d[c].q.push([function(){d[b].realGa=d[c];d[b].analyticsJsNotLoaded=false;d[c]=function(){if(typeof arguments[0]==="function"){d[b].realGa(arguments)}else{d[b].q.push(arguments)}};d[b].roiq.push=function(){d[b].realGa.apply(d,arguments)};for(f=0;f<d[b].roiq.length;f+=1){d[b].realGa.call(d,d[b].roiq[f])}}])})(window,"ROIStorage","ga");ROIStorage.gaq=ROIStorage.gaq||[];window._gaq={push:function(){var a;for(a=0;a<arguments.length;a++){ROIStorage.gaq.push(arguments[a])}}};var _gaq=window._gaq;
        (function(){
            var ga=document.createElement('script');ga.type='text/javascript';ga.async=true;
            ga.src='/gate.js';
            var s=document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga,s);
        })();
    }
    !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod?n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;
        n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;
        t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window,document,'script','//connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js');
    fbq('init', '944368708983189'); fbq('track', "PageView");

</script>
<script src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/135617100.js.download"></script>
    <!--[if lt IE 9]>
        <script src="/javascript/lib/html5shiv-respond.min.js"></script>
    <![endif]--><style type="text/css">@font-face{font-family:tk-trajan-pro-3-n4;src:url(https://use.typekit.net/af/c3b926/000000000000000000012e92/27/l?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n4&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("woff2"),url(https://use.typekit.net/af/c3b926/000000000000000000012e92/27/d?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n4&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("woff"),url(https://use.typekit.net/af/c3b926/000000000000000000012e92/27/a?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n4&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("opentype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;}@font-face{font-family:tk-trajan-pro-3-n6;src:url(https://use.typekit.net/af/a6c357/000000000000000000012e93/27/l?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n6&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("woff2"),url(https://use.typekit.net/af/a6c357/000000000000000000012e93/27/d?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n6&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("woff"),url(https://use.typekit.net/af/a6c357/000000000000000000012e93/27/a?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n6&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("opentype");font-weight:600;font-style:normal;}</style><style type="text/css">@font-face{font-family:trajan-pro-3;src:url(https://use.typekit.net/af/c3b926/000000000000000000012e92/27/l?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n4&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("woff2"),url(https://use.typekit.net/af/c3b926/000000000000000000012e92/27/d?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n4&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("woff"),url(https://use.typekit.net/af/c3b926/000000000000000000012e92/27/a?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n4&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("opentype");font-weight:400;font-style:normal;}@font-face{font-family:trajan-pro-3;src:url(https://use.typekit.net/af/a6c357/000000000000000000012e93/27/l?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n6&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("woff2"),url(https://use.typekit.net/af/a6c357/000000000000000000012e93/27/d?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n6&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("woff"),url(https://use.typekit.net/af/a6c357/000000000000000000012e93/27/a?primer=b997bcdf54b83a9f7b731c29130c4fbe326c83acb7cf220896c6041d3c02ba6a&fvd=n6&token=tcxrOE06DVGzKIF%2BeswnmCmuANl38957qBfNizOH94cgKMkQ2lsNRNhKabXFLLY96NqccS3VDFeqCC%2FczE5dv6tXm0tN7FFAwbhblwKrCd1FtcuH5Ptxn09n%2BeJwtl%2F7v1DxKaQ41OJt%2F4vwA6uawDuTtt2Zsy3u7stXLi1EthaMbKA4WNWB0%2B%2B6XOILyA%2BA) format("opentype");font-weight:600;font-style:normal;}</style>
<script src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/addthis_widget.js.download"></script><style type="text/css">.at-icon{fill:#fff;border:0}.at-icon-wrapper{display:inline-block;overflow:hidden}a .at-icon-wrapper{cursor:pointer}.at-rounded,.at-rounded-element .at-icon-wrapper{border-radius:12%}.at-circular,.at-circular-element .at-icon-wrapper{border-radius:50%}.addthis_32x32_style .at-icon{width:2pc;height:2pc}.addthis_24x24_style .at-icon{width:24px;height:24px}.addthis_20x20_style .at-icon{width:20px;height:20px}.addthis_16x16_style .at-icon{width:1pc;height:1pc}#at16lb{display:none;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:1001;background-color:#000;opacity:.001}#at_complete,#at_error,#at_share,#at_success{position:static!important}.at15dn{display:none}#at15s,#at16p,#at16p form input,#at16p label,#at16p textarea,#at_share .at_item{font-family:arial,helvetica,tahoma,verdana,sans-serif!important;font-size:9pt!important;outline-style:none;outline-width:0;line-height:1em}* html #at15s.mmborder{position:absolute!important}#at15s.mmborder{position:fixed!important;width:250px!important}#at15s{background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAABtJREFUeNpiZGBgaGAgAjAxEAlGFVJHIUCAAQDcngCUgqGMqwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==);float:none;line-height:1em;margin:0;overflow:visible;padding:5px;text-align:left;position:absolute}#at15s a,#at15s span{outline:0;direction:ltr;text-transform:none}#at15s .at-label{margin-left:5px}#at15s .at-icon-wrapper{width:1pc;height:1pc;vertical-align:middle}#at15s .at-icon{width:1pc;height:1pc}.at4-icon{display:inline-block;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:top left;margin:0;overflow:hidden;cursor:pointer}.addthis_16x16_style .at4-icon,.addthis_default_style .at4-icon,.at4-icon,.at-16x16{width:1pc;height:1pc;line-height:1pc;background-size:1pc!important}.addthis_32x32_style .at4-icon,.at-32x32{width:2pc;height:2pc;line-height:2pc;background-size:2pc!important}.addthis_24x24_style .at4-icon,.at-24x24{width:24px;height:24px;line-height:24px;background-size:24px!important}.addthis_20x20_style .at4-icon,.at-20x20{width:20px;height:20px;line-height:20px;background-size:20px!important}.at4-icon.circular,.circular .at4-icon,.circular.aticon{border-radius:50%}.at4-icon.rounded,.rounded .at4-icon{border-radius:4px}.at4-icon-left{float:left}#at15s .at4-icon{text-indent:20px;padding:0;overflow:visible;white-space:nowrap;background-size:1pc;width:1pc;height:1pc;background-position:top left;display:inline-block;line-height:1pc}.addthis_vertical_style .at4-icon,.at4-follow-container .at4-icon{margin-right:5px}html>body #at15s{width:250px!important}#at15s.atm{background:none!important;padding:0!important;width:10pc!important}#at15s_inner{background:#fff;border:1px solid #fff;margin:0}#at15s_head{position:relative;background:#f2f2f2;padding:4px;cursor:default;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5}.at15s_head_success{background:#cafd99!important;border-bottom:1px solid #a9d582!important}.at15s_head_success a,.at15s_head_success span{color:#000!important;text-decoration:none}#at15s_brand,#at15sptx,#at16_brand{position:absolute}#at15s_brand{top:4px;right:4px}.at15s_brandx{right:20px!important}a#at15sptx{top:4px;right:4px;text-decoration:none;color:#4c4c4c;font-weight:700}#at15sptx:hover{text-decoration:underline}#at16_brand{top:5px;right:30px;cursor:default}#at_hover{padding:4px}#at_hover .at_item,#at_share .at_item{background:#fff!important;float:left!important;color:#4c4c4c!important}#at_share .at_item .at-icon-wrapper{margin-right:5px}#at_hover .at_bold{font-weight:700;color:#000!important}#at_hover .at_item{width:7pc!important;padding:2px 3px!important;margin:1px;text-decoration:none!important}#at_hover .at_item.athov,#at_hover .at_item:focus,#at_hover .at_item:hover{margin:0!important}#at_hover .at_item.athov,#at_hover .at_item:focus,#at_hover .at_item:hover,#at_share .at_item.athov,#at_share .at_item:hover{background:#f2f2f2!important;border:1px solid #e5e5e5;color:#000!important;text-decoration:none}.ipad #at_hover .at_item:focus{background:#fff!important;border:1px solid #fff}.at15t{display:block!important;height:1pc!important;line-height:1pc!important;padding-left:20px!important;background-position:0 0;text-align:left}.addthis_button,.at15t{cursor:pointer}.addthis_toolbox a.at300b,.addthis_toolbox a.at300m{width:auto}.addthis_toolbox a{margin-bottom:5px;line-height:initial}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_vertical_style{width:200px}.addthis_button_facebook_like .fb_iframe_widget{line-height:100%}.addthis_button_facebook_like iframe.fb_iframe_widget_lift{max-width:none}.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_counter,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_facebook_like,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_facebook_send,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_facebook_share,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_foursquare,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_google_plusone,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_linkedin_counter,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_pinterest_pinit,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_stumbleupon_badge,.addthis_toolbox a.addthis_button_tweet{display:inline-block}.at-share-tbx-element .google_plusone_iframe_widget>span>div{vertical-align:top!important}.addthis_toolbox span.addthis_follow_label{display:none}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_vertical_style span.addthis_follow_label{display:block;white-space:nowrap}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_vertical_style a{display:block}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_vertical_style.addthis_32x32_style a{line-height:2pc;height:2pc}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_vertical_style .at300bs{margin-right:4px;float:left}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_20x20_style span{line-height:20px}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_32x32_style span{line-height:2pc}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_pill_combo_style .addthis_button_compact .at15t_compact,.addthis_toolbox.addthis_pill_combo_style a{float:left}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_pill_combo_style a.addthis_button_tweet{margin-top:-2px}.addthis_toolbox.addthis_pill_combo_style .addthis_button_compact .at15t_compact{margin-right:4px}.addthis_default_style .addthis_separator{margin:0 5px;display:inline}div.atclear{clear:both}.addthis_default_style .addthis_separator,.addthis_default_style .at4-icon,.addthis_default_style .at300b,.addthis_default_style .at300bo,.addthis_default_style .at300bs,.addthis_default_style .at300m{float:left}.at300b img,.at300bo img{border:0}a.at300b .at4-icon,a.at300m .at4-icon{display:block}.addthis_default_style .at300b,.addthis_default_style .at300bo,.addthis_default_style .at300m{padding:0 2px}.at300b,.at300bo,.at300bs,.at300m{cursor:pointer}.addthis_button_facebook_like.at300b:hover,.addthis_button_facebook_like.at300bs:hover,.addthis_button_facebook_send.at300b:hover,.addthis_button_facebook_send.at300bs:hover{opacity:1}.addthis_20x20_style .at15t,.addthis_20x20_style .at300bs{overflow:hidden;display:block;height:20px!important;width:20px!important;line-height:20px!important}.addthis_32x32_style .at15t,.addthis_32x32_style .at300bs{overflow:hidden;display:block;height:2pc!important;width:2pc!important;line-height:2pc!important}.at300bs{overflow:hidden;display:block;background-position:0 0;height:1pc;width:1pc;line-height:1pc!important}.addthis_default_style .at15t_compact,.addthis_default_style .at15t_expanded{margin-right:4px}#at_share .at_item{width:123px!important;padding:4px;margin-right:2px;border:1px solid #fff}#at16p{background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAABtJREFUeNpiZGBgaGAgAjAxEAlGFVJHIUCAAQDcngCUgqGMqwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==);z-index:10000001;position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;width:300px;padding:10px;margin:0 auto;margin-top:-185px;margin-left:-155px;font-family:arial,helvetica,tahoma,verdana,sans-serif;font-size:9pt;color:#5e5e5e}#at_share{margin:0;padding:0}#at16pt{position:relative;background:#f2f2f2;height:13px;padding:5px 10px}#at16pt a,#at16pt h4{font-weight:700}#at16pt h4{display:inline;margin:0;padding:0;font-size:9pt;color:#4c4c4c;cursor:default}#at16pt a{position:absolute;top:5px;right:10px;color:#4c4c4c;text-decoration:none;padding:2px}#at15sptx:focus,#at16pt a:focus{outline:thin dotted}#at15s #at16pf a{top:1px}#_atssh{width:1px!important;height:1px!important;border:0!important}.atm{width:10pc!important;padding:0;margin:0;line-height:9pt;letter-spacing:normal;font-family:arial,helvetica,tahoma,verdana,sans-serif;font-size:9pt;color:#444;background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAABtJREFUeNpiZGBgaGAgAjAxEAlGFVJHIUCAAQDcngCUgqGMqwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==);padding:4px}.atm-f{text-align:right;border-top:1px solid #ddd;padding:5px 8px}.atm-i{background:#fff;border:1px solid #d5d6d6;padding:0;margin:0;box-shadow:1px 1px 5px rgba(0,0,0,.15)}.atm-s{margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.atm-s a:focus{border:transparent;outline:0;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none}#at_hover.atm-s a,.atm-s a{display:block;text-decoration:none;padding:4px 10px;color:#235dab!important;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none}#at_hover.atm-s .at_bold{color:#235dab!important}#at_hover.atm-s a:hover,.atm-s a:hover{background:#2095f0;text-decoration:none;color:#fff!important}#at_hover.atm-s .at_bold{font-weight:700}#at_hover.atm-s a:hover .at_bold{color:#fff!important}.atm-s a .at-label{vertical-align:middle;margin-left:5px;direction:ltr}.at_PinItButton{display:block;width:40px;height:20px;padding:0;margin:0;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/t00/pinit00.png);background-repeat:no-repeat}.at_PinItButton:hover{background-position:0 -20px}.addthis_toolbox .addthis_button_pinterest_pinit{position:relative}.at-share-tbx-element .fb_iframe_widget span{vertical-align:baseline!important}#at16pf{height:auto;text-align:right;padding:4px 8px}.at-privacy-info{position:absolute;left:7px;bottom:7px;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;font-family:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:10px;line-height:9pt;letter-spacing:.2px;color:#666}.at-privacy-info:hover{color:#000}.body .wsb-social-share .wsb-social-share-button-vert{padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0}.body .wsb-social-share.addthis_counter_style .addthis_button_tweet.wsb-social-share-button{padding-top:44px}.body .wsb-social-share.addthis_counter_style .addthis_button_google_plusone.wsb-social-share-button{padding-top:4px}@media print{#at4-follow,#at4-share,#at4-thankyou,#at4-whatsnext,#at4m-mobile,#at15s,.at4,.at4-recommended{display:none!important}}@media screen and (max-width:400px){.at4win{width:100%}}@media screen and (max-height:700px) and (max-width:400px){.at4-thankyou-inner .at4-recommended-container{height:122px;overflow:hidden}.at4-thankyou-inner .at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item:first-child{border-bottom:1px solid #c5c5c5}}</style><style type="text/css">.at-branding-logo{font-family:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;text-decoration:none;font-size:10px;display:inline-block;margin:2px 0;letter-spacing:.2px}.at-branding-logo .at-branding-icon{background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAMAAAC67D+PAAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAAZQTFRF////+GlNUkcc1QAAAB1JREFUeNpiYIQDBjQmAwMmkwEM0JnY1WIxFyDAABGeAFEudiZsAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC")}.at-branding-logo .at-branding-icon,.at-branding-logo .at-privacy-icon{display:inline-block;height:10px;width:10px;margin-left:4px;margin-right:3px;margin-bottom:-1px;background-repeat:no-repeat}.at-branding-logo .at-privacy-icon{background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAAKCAMAAABR24SMAAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAABhQTFRF8fr9ot/xXcfn2/P5AKva////////AKTWodjhjAAAAAd0Uk5T////////ABpLA0YAAAA6SURBVHjaJMzBDQAwCAJAQaj7b9xifV0kUKJ9ciWxlzWEWI5gMF65KUTv0VKkjVeTerqE/x7+9BVgAEXbAWI8QDcfAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC")}.at-branding-logo span{text-decoration:none}.at-branding-logo .at-branding-addthis,.at-branding-logo .at-branding-powered-by{color:#666}.at-branding-logo .at-branding-addthis:hover{color:#333}.at-cv-with-image .at-branding-addthis,.at-cv-with-image .at-branding-addthis:hover{color:#fff}a.at-branding-logo:visited{color:initial}.at-branding-info{display:inline-block;padding:0 5px;color:#666;border:1px solid #666;border-radius:50%;font-size:10px;line-height:9pt;opacity:.7;transition:all .3s ease;text-decoration:none}.at-branding-info span{border:0;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}.at-branding-info:before{content:'i';font-family:Times New Roman}.at-branding-info:hover{color:#0780df;border-color:#0780df}</style><script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8" async="" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/layers.2fa744d3f2a59f383f33.js.download"></script><script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8" async="" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/counter.5322ae7033633320c7ad.js.download"></script><style type="text/css">.addthis_counter{font-weight:700;display:inline-block;border:0;outline:0;cursor:pointer;color:#fff}.addthis_counter a{display:block;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif!important;text-decoration:none!important;border:0}.addthis_counter{text-decoration:none!important;text-align:left}.addthis_counter .addthis_button_expanded{background:url("data:image/png;base64,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");background-repeat:no-repeat;display:inline-block}.addthis_counter .atc_s{background:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUBAMAAAB/pwA+AAAAFVBMVEUAAAD///////////////////////9Iz20EAAAABnRSTlMAwPm7kB4+mBDvAAAAP0lEQVQI12MIVksDgyRTBrM0KEhmAApChRnS4ACdKcCIl5ko6MAiKAZmJjAAARsKE6GAsGE43IBwJLLTER4CAHvvQkc3Hji8AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC");background-size:10px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-color:#fe6d4c;background-position:5px 5px;display:inline-block;border-radius:2px;min-width:25px;text-decoration:none}.addthis_counter .atc_s:hover{background-color:#e75a3a}.addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{background-image:url("data:image/gif;base64,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");background-repeat:no-repeat}.addthis_counter a.atc_s{font-size:11px;font-weight:100;color:#fff;padding:0 5px 0 20px;line-height:20px;overflow:hidden;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none}.addthis_counter .atc_s-span,.addthis_counter a.atc_s{display:block;height:20px}.addthis_counter .addthis_button_expanded.at300m .at4-icon{display:none!important}.addthis_counter a.addthis_button_expanded:hover,.addthis_counter.addthis_pill_style a.addthis_button_expanded:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#000}.addthis_counter .addthis_button_expanded{display:block;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 -40px;width:50px;height:33px;line-height:33px;padding-bottom:4px;margin-bottom:3px;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;font-size:1pc;font-weight:700;color:#333}.addthis_counter{vertical-align:top}.addthis_counter.addthis_native_counter .addthis_button_expanded{font-weight:400}* html .addthis_counter.compatmode0 .addthis_button_expanded{padding-bottom:0!important}* html .addthis_counter .addthis_button_expanded{height:37px}.addthis_counter .addthis_button_expanded:hover{background-position:0 -77px;cursor:pointer;color:#000}.addthis_counter .addthis_button_expanded .at300bs{display:none!important}.addthis_counter.addthis_pill_style{display:block;height:25px;overflow:hidden}.addthis_counter.addthis_pill_style a.atc_s{float:left}.addthis_counter.addthis_pill_style a.addthis_button_expanded{display:none;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 -114px;width:34px!important;height:20px;line-height:20px;margin:0 0 0 3px;padding:0 0 0 4px;float:left;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-size:11px;color:#333;-ms-box-sizing:content-box;-o-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}.addthis_counter.addthis_pill_style.addthis_nonzero a.addthis_button_expanded{display:block!important;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none}.addthis_counter.addthis_pill_style a.addthis_button_expanded:hover{background-position:0 -134px!important}.addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{margin:0 0 0 -2px;text-align:center;font-weight:700;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;color:#000;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 -4pc;padding:0 0 0 4px;height:1pc;width:2pc!important;-ms-box-sizing:content-box;-o-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}.addthis_native_counter_parent .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{background-position:0 -4pc!important}.addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style.addthis_native_counter{margin:0 2px}.addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style a.addthis_button_expanded{font-size:11px;height:1pc;line-height:1pc;width:34px;background:none}.addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style:hover{background-position:-36px -4pc!important}.addthis_20x20_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 -5pc!important;height:20px;width:35px!important;line-height:20px;padding:0 0 0 6px}.addthis_20x20_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style:hover{background-position:-41px -5pc!important}.addthis_20x20_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style a.addthis_button_expanded{background:none;font-size:9pt;line-height:20px;height:20px;margin:0;width:35px!important;padding:0!important}.addthis_20x20_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style.addthis_native_counter a.addthis_button_expanded{font-size:11px}.addthis_32x32_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style,.addthis_32x32_white_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 0!important;height:2pc;width:56px!important;line-height:2pc;padding:0 0 0 6px}.addthis_32x32_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style a.addthis_button_expanded,.addthis_32x32_white_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style a.addthis_button_expanded{background:none;font-size:1pc;line-height:2pc;height:2pc;margin:0;width:56px!important;padding:0!important}.addthis_32x32_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style:hover,.addthis_32x32_white_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style:hover{background-position:0 -2pc!important}.addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style .atc_s{display:none!important}* html .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{width:36px!important;display:inline}* html .addthis_counter.bubblecompatmode0{width:2pc!important;display:block}* html .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style a.addthis_button_expanded{width:24px!important;height:14px!important;line-height:14px!important;padding:0;margin-top:1px!important;display:inline}* html .addthis_counter.bubblecompatmode0 a.addthis_button_expanded{width:36px}* html .addthis_32x32_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{width:60px!important}* html .addthis_32x32_style .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style a.addthis_button_expanded{width:46px;height:26px!important;line-height:26px!important;margin-top:2px!important}* html .addthis_32x32_style .addthis_counter.bubblecompatmode0 a.addthis_button_expanded{height:2pc!important;line-height:2pc!important}</style><style type="text/css">.at-share-dock.atss{top:auto;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;z-index:1000200;box-shadow:0 0 1px 1px #e2dfe2}.at-share-dock.at-share-dock-zindex-hide{z-index:-1!important}.at-share-dock.atss-top{bottom:auto;top:0}.at-share-dock a{width:auto;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none;color:#fff;text-decoration:none;box-sizing:content-box;-webkit-box-sizing:content-box;-moz-box-sizing:content-box}.at-share-dock a:hover{width:auto}.at-share-dock .at4-count{height:43px;padding:5px 0 0;line-height:20px;background:#fff;font-family:Helvetica neue,arial}.at-share-dock .at4-count span{width:100%}.at-share-dock .at4-count .at4-share-label{color:#848484;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1px}.at-share-dock .at4-count .at4-counter{top:2px;position:relative;display:block;color:#222;font-size:22px}.at-share-dock.at-shfs-medium .at4-count{height:36px;line-height:1pc;padding-top:4px}.at-share-dock.at-shfs-medium .at4-count .at4-counter{font-size:18px}.at-share-dock.at-shfs-medium .at-share-btn .at-icon-wrapper,.at-share-dock.at-shfs-medium a .at-icon-wrapper{padding:6px 0}.at-share-dock.at-shfs-small .at4-count{height:26px;line-height:1;padding-top:3px}.at-share-dock.at-shfs-small .at4-count .at4-share-label{font-size:8px}.at-share-dock.at-shfs-small .at4-count .at4-counter{font-size:14px}.at-share-dock.at-shfs-small .at-share-btn .at-icon-wrapper,.at-share-dock.at-shfs-small a .at-icon-wrapper{padding:4px 0}</style><style type="text/css">#at4m-mobile-container{z-index:9999999;position:fixed}#at4m-menu{-webkit-transition-timing-function:linear;transition-timing-function:linear}#at4-searchClear{cursor:pointer}#at4m-dock{position:fixed;left:0;width:100%;-o-box-shadow:0 -1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15);box-shadow:0 -1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15);font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:300;color:#000}.at4m-dock{background:#ebebeb}.at4m-dock-bottom{top:auto;bottom:0}.at4m-dock-top{top:0;bottom:auto}.at4m-dock a:link,.at4m-dock a:visited{display:block;border:none;margin:0;padding:0;height:45px;line-height:45px;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;text-shadow:none;font-weight:700;color:#555;cursor:pointer;float:left;zoom:1}.at4m-dock a:active,.at4m-dock a:hover,.at4m-dock-toggle a:hover{background-color:#e2e2e2;color:#000;cursor:pointer}.at4m-dock a i{display:inline-block;height:45px;line-height:45px;vertical-align:middle;opacity:.2}.at4m-dock a:active i,.at4m-dock a:hover i{opacity:.9}.at4m-dock a i.at4m-dock-share{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/0cdf7a36b49e9150e4ddd7ce01143fdc.png) no-repeat 0 0;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/c4ee1ef2025cac1d2377de864e802791.svg),none;background-position:0 -2px;width:30px}.at4m-dock a i.at4m-dock-follow{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/34c65ab171688e81111b0c5219405376.png) no-repeat 0 0;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/2f9e800dffd36b9ae492670a4340386e.svg),none;background-position:0 -2px;width:26px}.at4m-dock.at4-ma1 a{display:inline-block;width:86%}.at4m-dock.at4-ma2 a{display:inline-block;width:43%}.at4m-dock.at4-ma2 a:first-child{border-right:1px solid #ccc}.at4m-dock-toggle{position:fixed;left:auto;right:0;width:14%;min-width:40px;height:45px}.at4m-dock-toggle-bottom{top:auto;bottom:0}.at4m-dock-toggle-top{bottom:auto;top:0}.at4m-dock-toggle a{display:block;background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/6f026d41cd1a08a0f124517f4a4b6381.png) no-repeat center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/6ac59ac63a78f7c0ecfe9bbc05ee16af.svg),none;border-left:1px solid #ccc;height:44px;line-height:44px;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-9999em;text-align:center;padding:0;margin:0;opacity:.35}.at4m-dock-toggle a.at4-dock-toggle-active{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/edb81de4c71c0bc5e7093002607fb828.png) no-repeat center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/958b6ad449d91a582198eaaa1013e4a8.svg),none;background-color:#fff;border-top:1px solid #ccc}.at4m-dock-toggle.ats-dark,.at4m-dock.ats-dark{background:#262b30;border-color:#1b1b1b;color:#fff}.at4m-dock.ats-dark a{color:#f2f2f2}.at4m-dock.ats-dark a i{opacity:.25}.at4m-dock.at4-ma2.ats-dark a:first-child{border-right:1px solid #3e4247}.at4m-dock-toggle.ats-dark a:active,.at4m-dock-toggle.ats-dark a:hover,.at4m-dock.ats-dark a:active,.at4m-dock.ats-dark a:hover{background-color:#1b1e22}.at4m-dock.ats-dark a i.at4m-dock-share{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/969412d543656390654b7a1fbad5c052.png) no-repeat left center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/d0b50381e6dff723034c9fb045fa5579.svg),none;background-position:0 -2px}.at4m-dock.ats-dark a i.at4m-dock-follow{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/031cd90bcb2cf1bc5d0514d6df32e08b.png) no-repeat left center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/9b6c210d20bea1e6b56e800331c32bff.svg),none;background-position:0 -2px}.at4m-dock-toggle.ats-dark a{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/bd94d63e97308ccebb29a220dcc82c2c.png) no-repeat center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/066d11a3dfa049803336eba1abb50292.svg),none;border-color:#676d73}.at4m-dock-toggle.ats-dark a.at4-dock-toggle-active{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/6ff05a92b143930d8fcc6a7d47a6859b.png) no-repeat center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/fd9202254cfad377dad0ecc0eb38d503.svg),none}.at4m-dock-toggle.top,.at4m-dock.top{top:0;bottom:auto}.at4m-dock-toggle.top a{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/edb81de4c71c0bc5e7093002607fb828.png) no-repeat center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/958b6ad449d91a582198eaaa1013e4a8.svg),none}.at4m-dock-toggle.top a.at4-dock-toggle-active{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/6f026d41cd1a08a0f124517f4a4b6381.png) no-repeat center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/6ac59ac63a78f7c0ecfe9bbc05ee16af.svg),none}.at4m-dock-toggle.top.ats-dark a{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/6ff05a92b143930d8fcc6a7d47a6859b.png) no-repeat center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/fd9202254cfad377dad0ecc0eb38d503.svg),none;border-color:#676d73}.at4m-dock-toggle.top.ats-dark a.at4-dock-toggle-active{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/bd94d63e97308ccebb29a220dcc82c2c.png) no-repeat center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/066d11a3dfa049803336eba1abb50292.svg),none}.at4m-dock.ats-gray{border-top:1px solid #dbdbdb}.at4m-dock.ats-gray a:first-child{border-right:1px solid #dadada}.at4m-dock.ats-gray a{color:#444}.at4m-dock.ats-gray a i{opacity:.25}.at4m-dock-toggle.ats-gray a{border-color:#b2b2b2}.at4m-dock-toggle.ats-gray a.at4-dock-toggle-active{background-color:#e2e2e2;border-color:#b2b2b2}.at4m-dock-toggle.ats-light a:active,.at4m-dock-toggle.ats-light a:hover,.at4m-dock.ats-light a:active,.at4m-dock.ats-light a:hover{background-color:#f5f5f5}.at4m-dock-toggle.ats-light a.at4-dock-toggle,.at4m-dock-toggle.ats-light a.at4-dock-toggle-active{background-color:#fff;border-color:#dadada}.at4m-menu{position:fixed;background:#fff;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:300;display:none;opacity:0}.at4m-menu.abs{position:absolute}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner{position:relative;width:100%;height:100%;overflow:auto}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-header{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;width:100%;background:#fff;-o-box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.1);font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;color:#444;cursor:default}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-header .at4m-menu-header-inner{position:relative;height:44px;text-align:left;line-height:44px;padding:0 44px 0 15px}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-header .at4m-menu-header-inner a.at4m-menu-cancel{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;display:block;background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/56b9cf44789a75f4822ae4677c0809f0.png) no-repeat center center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/fc0122e3c71ae79db7be2a7ccfcd419c.svg),none;width:42px;height:44px;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-9999em;opacity:.74}#at4m-menu-body{top:45px;bottom:35px;left:0;overflow-y:scroll}#at4m-menu-body,#at4m-scroller{position:absolute;width:100%}.at4m-hidden-overflow{overflow:hidden}.at4m-scroll-overflow{overflow-y:auto!important}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-search{position:relative;background:#f5f5f5;border-bottom:1px solid #e7e9ec;height:44px}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-search input[type=text]{position:absolute;top:7px;left:13px;right:15px;width:auto;background:transparent;border:none;height:24px;line-height:1.14em;padding:4px 4px 4px 22px;font-size:1.14em;font-weight:300;outline:0;margin-bottom:0}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-search input[type=submit]{position:absolute;top:11px;left:14px;width:1pc;height:1pc;background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/3fc4b18bbb046f074de86a3cb5398353.svg),none;background:url("data:image/png;base64,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");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 0;background-position:center bottom\9;border:none;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-9999em;cursor:pointer;opacity:.22}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-search input[type=cancel]{position:absolute;top:9pt;right:20px;width:18px;height:18px;background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/f048274431eaef1b46f80d94f1c18af6.png) no-repeat center center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/666b87d14e4d4e526b57292ab8adc465.svg),none;background-size:18px 18px;border:none;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-9999em;opacity:.14}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-footer{position:fixed;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;width:100%;height:30px;background:#fff;text-align:left;line-height:1pc;-o-box-shadow:0 -2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-shadow:0 -2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.1)}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-footer .at4m-menu-footer-inner{position:relative;height:26px;padding:5px 15px}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-footer .at4m-menu-footer-inner .at4m-menu-footer-logo{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/5432e2206e5cb0b11874ad11e5a22186.png);background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/f1a5a53cfb4afc0b8231b342c9e39ece.svg),none;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:left 2px;background-size:9px 9px;padding-left:9pt}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-footer .at4m-menu-footer-inner .at4m-menu-footer-privacy{position:absolute;top:7px;right:15px;background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/7450d2e11bef7d7c140b197429765a62.png);background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/d714fde79b61d3f511dd5c11ad366e68.svg),none;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:right 3px;background-size:8px 9px;padding-right:13px}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-footer .at4m-menu-footer-inner a:link,.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-footer .at4m-menu-footer-inner a:visited{font-size:.714em;text-decoration:none;color:#666}.at4m-menu.abs{border-top:.5px solid #efefef}.at4m-menu.abs,.at4m-menu.abs .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-footer,.at4m-menu.abs .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-header{position:absolute}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-content{position:relative;padding:0 0 27px}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-content ul{margin:0;padding:0}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-content ul li{background:#fff;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;border-bottom:1px solid #e7e9ec;-ms-box-sizing:content-box;-o-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-content ul li:hover{background:#f5f5f5}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-content ul li a{position:relative;display:block;height:2pc;line-height:2pc;padding:9pt 20px 9pt 14px;text-decoration:none;text-align:left;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.07em;font-weight:300;color:#444;-ms-box-sizing:content-box;-o-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-content ul li a:active{background-color:#f9f9f9}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-content ul li a span.at-icon-wrapper{margin:0 9px 0 0;float:left}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-content ul li a span.at4-label{display:inline-block;height:2pc;line-height:2pc;margin-left:10px}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-content ul li a span.at4-label.atservice-preferred{font-weight:700}.at4m-menu .at4m-menu-content ul li a span.at4-arrow{display:inline-block;position:absolute;right:5px;background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/745bc30b589d20aeba08481e06fae159.png);background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/f4d5547a72831e67681d82122e1d563f.svg),none;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center center;width:2pc;height:2pc;text-indent:-9999em;overflow:hidden;opacity:.22}.at4m-menu.ats-dark .at4m-menu-footer,.at4m-menu.ats-dark .at4m-menu-header{background:#262b30;color:#fff}.at4m-menu.ats-dark .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-header button{background:#000;border-color:#333;color:#fff}.at4m-menu.ats-dark .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-header .at4m-menu-header-inner a.at4m-menu-cancel{background:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/5092b14c9020eaa68c3de74da2219940.png) no-repeat center center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/fb08f6d50887bd0caacc86a62bcdcf68.svg),none}.at4m-menu.ats-dark .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-footer .at4m-menu-footer-inner a:link,.at4m-menu.ats-dark .at4m-menu-inner .at4m-menu-footer .at4m-menu-footer-inner a:visited{color:#ccc}#at4m-dock:hover{cursor:pointer}#at4m-dock.ats-dark{background:#262b30;border-color:#1b1b1b;color:#fff}#at4m-dock.ats-light{background:#fff;border-color:#c5c5c5}.at4m-dock.ats-dark a,.at4m-dock.ats-dark a:first-child{color:#fff}.at4m-dock.ats-dark a:active,.at4m-dock.ats-dark a:hover{background:#1b1e22}.at-expandedmenu-component .at4m-dock,.at-expandedmenu-component .at4m-dock-toggle{display:none}</style><style type="text/css">#at4-drawer-outer-container{top:0;width:20pc;position:fixed}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-inline{position:relative}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-inline.at4-drawer-right{float:right;right:0;left:auto}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-inline.at4-drawer-left{float:left;left:0;right:auto}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-shown,#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-shown *{z-index:999999}#at4-drawer-outer-container,#at4-drawer-outer-container .at4-drawer-outer,#at-drawer{height:100%;overflow-y:auto;overflow-x:hidden}.at4-drawer-push-content-right-back{position:relative;right:0}.at4-drawer-push-content-right{position:relative;left:20pc!important}.at4-drawer-push-content-left-back{position:relative;left:0}.at4-drawer-push-content-left{position:relative;right:20pc!important}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-right{left:auto;right:-20pc}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-left{right:auto;left:-20pc}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-shown.at4-drawer-right{left:auto;right:0}#at4-drawer-outer-container.at4-drawer-shown.at4-drawer-left{right:auto;left:0}#at-drawer{top:0;z-index:9999999;height:100%;-webkit-animation-duration:.4s;animation-duration:.4s}#at-drawer.drawer-push.at-right{right:-20pc}#at-drawer.drawer-push.at-left{left:-20pc}#at-drawer .at-recommended-label{padding:0 0 0 20px;color:#999;line-height:3pc;font-size:18px;font-weight:300;cursor:default}#at-drawer-arrow{width:30px;height:5pc}#at-drawer-arrow.ats-dark{background:#262b30}#at-drawer-arrow.ats-gray{background:#f2f2f2}#at-drawer-open-arrow{background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;width:13px;height:23px;margin:28px 0 0 8px}.at-left #at-drawer-open-arrow{background-position:0 -46px}.ats-dark #at-drawer-open-arrow{background-position:0 -23px}.ats-dark.at-left #at-drawer-open-arrow{background-position:0 -69px}#at-drawer-arrow.at4-drawer-modern-browsers{position:fixed;top:40%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 0!important;z-index:9999999}.at4-drawer-inline #at-drawer-arrow{position:absolute}#at-drawer-arrow.at4-drawer-modern-browsers.at-right{right:0}#at-drawer-arrow.at4-drawer-modern-browsers.at-left{left:0}.at4-drawer-push-animation-left{-webkit-transition:left .4s ease-in-out .15s;transition:left .4s ease-in-out .15s}.at4-drawer-push-animation-right{-webkit-transition:right .4s ease-in-out .15s;transition:right .4s ease-in-out .15s}#at-drawer.drawer-push.at4-drawer-push-animation-right{right:0}#at-drawer.drawer-push.at4-drawer-push-animation-right-back{right:-20pc!important}#at-drawer.drawer-push.at4-drawer-push-animation-left{left:0}#at-drawer.drawer-push.at4-drawer-push-animation-left-back{left:-20pc!important}#at-drawer .at4-closebutton.drawer-close{content:'X';color:#999;display:block;position:absolute;margin:0;top:0;right:0;width:3pc;height:45px;line-height:45px;overflow:hidden;opacity:.5}#at-drawer.ats-dark .at4-closebutton.drawer-close{color:#fff}#at-drawer .at4-closebutton.drawer-close:hover{opacity:1}#at-drawer.ats-dark.at4-recommended .at4-logo-container a{color:#666}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical{padding:0}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .sponsored-label{margin:2px 0 0 21px;color:#ddd}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item{position:relative;padding:0;width:20pc;height:180px;margin:0}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img a:after{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;background:rgba(0,0,0,.65);z-index:1000000;-webkit-transition:all .2s ease-in-out;transition:all .2s ease-in-out}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item.at-hover .at4-recommended-item-img a:after{background:rgba(0,0,0,.8)}#at-drawer .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img,#at-drawer .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img a,#at-drawer .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img img{width:20pc;height:180px;float:none}#at-drawer .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption{width:100%;position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;height:70px}#at-drawer .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4{color:#fff;position:absolute;height:52px;top:0;left:20px;right:20px;margin:0;padding:0;line-height:25px;font-size:20px;font-weight:600;z-index:1000001;text-decoration:none;text-transform:none}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4 a:hover{text-decoration:none}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4 a:link{color:#fff}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption small{position:absolute;top:auto;bottom:10px;left:20px;width:auto;color:#ccc}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at4-logo-container{margin-left:20px}#at-drawer.ats-dark.at4-recommended .at4-logo-container a:hover{color:#fff}#at-drawer.at4-recommended .at-logo{margin:0}</style><style type="text/css">.at4-follow.at-mobile{display:none!important}.at4-follow{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;font-weight:400;color:#666;cursor:default;z-index:10001}.at4-follow .at4-follow-inner{position:relative;padding:10px 24px 10px 15px}.at4-follow-inner,.at-follow-open-control{border:0 solid #c5c5c5;border-width:1px 0 1px 1px;margin-top:-1px}.at4-follow .at4-follow-container{margin-left:9pt}.at4-follow.at4-follow-24 .at4-follow-container{height:24px;line-height:23px;font-size:13px}.at4-follow.at4-follow-32 .at4-follow-container{width:15pc;height:2pc;line-height:2pc;font-size:14px}.at4-follow .at4-follow-container .at-follow-label{display:inline-block;height:24px;line-height:24px;margin-right:10px;padding:0;cursor:default;float:left}.at4-follow .at4-follow-container .at-icon-wrapper{height:24px;width:24px}.at4-follow.ats-transparent .at4-follow-inner,.at-follow-open-control.ats-transparent{border-color:transparent}.at4-follow.ats-dark .at4-follow-inner,.at-follow-open-control.ats-dark{background:#262b30;border-color:#000;color:#fff}.at4-follow.ats-dark .at-follow-close-control{background-color:#262b30}.at4-follow.ats-light .at4-follow-inner{background:#fff;border-color:#c5c5c5}.at4-follow.ats-gray .at4-follow-inner,.at-follow-open-control.ats-gray{background:#f2f2f2;border-color:#c5c5c5}.at4-follow.ats-light .at4-follow-close-control,.at-follow-open-control.ats-light{background:#e5e5e5}.at4-follow .at4-follow-inner .at4-follow-close-control{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;width:20px;cursor:pointer;display:none}.at4-follow .at4-follow-inner .at4-follow-close-control div{display:block;line-height:20px;text-indent:-9999em;margin-top:calc(50% + 1px);overflow:hidden}.at-follow-open-control div.at4-arrow.at-left{background-position:0 -2px}.at-follow-open-control{position:fixed;height:35px;top:0;right:0;padding-top:10px;z-index:10002}.at-follow-btn{margin:0 5px 5px 0;padding:0;outline-offset:-1px;display:inline-block;box-sizing:content-box;transition:all .2s ease-in-out}.at-follow-btn:focus,.at-follow-btn:hover{-webkit-transform:translateY(-4px);transform:translateY(-4px)}.at4-follow-24 .at-follow-btn{height:25px;line-height:0;width:25px}</style><style type="text/css">.at-follow-tbx-element .at300b,.at-follow-tbx-element .at300m{display:inline-block;width:auto;padding:0;margin:0 2px 5px;outline-offset:-1px;-webkit-transition:all .2s ease-in-out;transition:all .2s ease-in-out}.at-follow-tbx-element .at300b:focus,.at-follow-tbx-element .at300b:hover,.at-follow-tbx-element .at300m:focus,.at-follow-tbx-element .at300m:hover{-webkit-transform:translateY(-4px);transform:translateY(-4px)}.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300b,.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300m{display:block}.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300b .addthis_follow_label,.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300b .at-icon-wrapper,.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300m .addthis_follow_label,.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300m .at-icon-wrapper{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:5px}.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300b:focus,.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300b:hover,.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300m:focus,.at-follow-tbx-element .addthis_vertical_style .at300m:hover{-webkit-transform:none;transform:none}</style><style type="text/css">.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn{display:inline-block;margin-right:13px;margin-top:13px}.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn .at-icon{float:left}.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn .at300bs{display:inline-block;float:left;cursor:pointer}.at4-jumboshare .at4-mobile .at-share-btn .at-icon,.at4-jumboshare .at4-mobile .at-share-btn .at-icon-wrapper{margin:0;padding:0}.at4-jumboshare .at4-mobile .at-share-btn{padding:0}.at4-jumboshare .at4-mobile .at-share-btn .at-label{display:none}.at4-jumboshare .at4-count{font-size:60px;line-height:60px;font-family:Helvetica neue,arial;font-weight:700}.at4-jumboshare .at4-count-container{display:table-cell;text-align:center;min-width:200px;vertical-align:middle;border-right:1px solid #ccc;padding-right:20px}.at4-jumboshare .at4-share-container{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:20px}.at4-jumboshare .at4-share-container.at-share-tbx-element{padding-top:0}.at4-jumboshare .at4-title{position:relative;font-size:18px;line-height:18px;bottom:2px}.at4-jumboshare .at4-spacer{height:1px;display:block;visibility:hidden;opacity:0}.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn{display:inline-block;margin:0 2px;line-height:0;padding:0;overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none;text-transform:none;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:all .2s ease-in-out;transition:all .2s ease-in-out;border:0;background-color:transparent}.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn:focus,.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn:hover{-webkit-transform:translateY(-4px);transform:translateY(-4px);color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.at4-jumboshare .at-label{font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:9pt;padding:0 15px 0 0;margin:0;height:2pc;line-height:2pc;background:none}.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn:hover,.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn:link{text-decoration:none}.at4-jumboshare .at-share-btn::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}.at4-jumboshare.at-mobile .at-label{display:none}</style><style type="text/css">div.at-share-close-control.ats-dark,div.at-share-open-control-left.ats-dark,div.at-share-open-control-right.ats-dark{background:#262b30}div.at-share-close-control.ats-light,div.at-share-open-control-left.ats-light,div.at-share-open-control-right.ats-light{background:#fff}div.at-share-close-control.ats-gray,div.at-share-open-control-left.ats-gray,div.at-share-open-control-right.ats-gray{background:#f2f2f2}.atss{position:fixed;top:20%;width:3pc;z-index:100020;background:none}.at-share-close-control{position:relative;width:3pc;overflow:auto}.at-share-open-control-left{position:fixed;top:20%;z-index:100020;left:0;width:22px}.at-share-close-control .at4-arrow.at-left{float:right}.atss-left{left:0;float:left;right:auto}.atss-right{left:auto;float:right;right:0}.atss-right.at-share-close-control .at4-arrow.at-right{position:relative;right:0;overflow:auto}.atss-right.at-share-close-control .at4-arrow{float:left}.at-share-open-control-right{position:fixed;top:20%;z-index:100020;right:0;width:22px;float:right}.atss-right .at-share-close-control .at4-arrow{float:left}.atss.atss-right a{float:right}.atss.atss-right .at4-share-title{float:right;overflow:hidden}.atss .at-share-btn,.atss a{position:relative;display:block;width:3pc;margin:0;outline-offset:-1px;text-align:center;float:left;-webkit-transition:width .15s ease-in-out;transition:width .15s ease-in-out;overflow:hidden;background:#e8e8e8;z-index:100030;cursor:pointer}.at-share-btn::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}.atss-right .at-share-btn{float:right}.atss .at-share-btn{border:0;padding:0}.atss .at-share-btn:focus,.atss .at-share-btn:hover,.atss a:focus,.atss a:hover{width:4pc}.atss .at-share-btn .at-icon-wrapper,.atss a .at-icon-wrapper{display:block;padding:8px 0}.atss .at-share-btn:last-child,.atss a:last-child{border:none}.atss .at-share-btn span .at-icon,.atss a span .at-icon{position:relative;top:0;left:0;display:block;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:50% 50%;width:2pc;height:2pc;line-height:2pc;border:none;padding:0;margin:0 auto;overflow:hidden;cursor:pointer;cursor:hand}.at4-share .at-custom-sidebar-counter{font-family:Helvetica neue,arial;vertical-align:top;margin-right:4px;display:inline-block;text-align:center}.at4-share .at-custom-sidebar-count{font-size:17px;line-height:1.25em;color:#222}.at4-share .at-custom-sidebar-text{font-size:9px;line-height:1.25em;color:#888;letter-spacing:1px}.at4-share .at4-share-count-container{position:absolute;left:0;right:auto;top:auto;bottom:0;width:100%;color:#fff;background:inherit}.at4-share .at4-share-count,.at4-share .at4-share-count-container{line-height:1pc;font-size:10px}.at4-share .at4-share-count{text-indent:0;font-family:Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-weight:200;width:100%;height:1pc}.at4-share .at4-share-count-anchor{padding-bottom:8px;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:padding .15s ease-in-out .15s,width .15s ease-in-out;transition:padding .15s ease-in-out .15s,width .15s ease-in-out}</style><style type="text/css">.at4-recommendedbox-outer-container{display:inline}.at4-recommended-outer{position:static}.at4-recommended{top:20%;margin:0;text-align:center;font-weight:400;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;color:#666}.at4-recommended.at-inline .at4-recommended-horizontal{text-align:left}.at4-recommended-recommendedbox{padding:0;z-index:inherit}.at4-recommended-recommended{padding:40px 0}.at4-recommended-horizontal{max-height:340px}.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-horizontal{max-height:15pc}.at4-recommended.at4-minimal.at-medium .at4-recommended-horizontal{padding-top:10px;max-height:230px}.at4-recommended-text-only .at4-recommended-horizontal{max-height:130px}.at4-recommended-horizontal{padding-top:5px;overflow-y:hidden}.at4-minimal{background:none;color:#000;border:none!important;box-shadow:none!important}@media screen and (max-width:900px){.at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item,.at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img{width:15pc}}.at4-recommended.at4-minimal .at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption{padding:0 0 10px}.at4-recommended.at4-minimal .at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item-caption{padding:20px 0 0!important}.addthis-smartlayers .at4-recommended .at-h3.at-recommended-label{margin:0;padding:0;font-weight:300;font-size:18px;line-height:24px;color:#464646;width:100%;display:inline-block;zoom:1}.addthis-smartlayers .at4-recommended.at-inline .at-h3.at-recommended-label{text-align:left}#at4-thankyou .addthis-smartlayers .at4-recommended.at-inline .at-h3.at-recommended-label{text-align:center}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item{display:inline-block;zoom:1;position:relative;background:#fff;border:1px solid #c5c5c5;width:200px;margin:10px}.addthis_recommended_horizontal .at4-recommended-item{border:none}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .sponsored-label{color:#666;font-size:9px;position:absolute;top:-20px}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item-img .at-tli,.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item-img a{position:absolute;left:0}.at4-recommended.at-inline .at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item{margin:10px 20px 0 0}.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item{margin:10px 10px 0 0}.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-item{width:140px;overflow:hidden}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img{position:relative;text-align:center;width:100%;height:200px;line-height:0;overflow:hidden}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img a{display:block;width:100%;height:200px}.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img,.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img a{height:140px}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img img{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;min-height:0;min-width:0;max-height:none;max-width:none;margin:0;padding:0}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption{height:74px;overflow:hidden;padding:20px;text-align:left;-ms-box-sizing:content-box;-o-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption{height:50px;padding:15px}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4{height:54px;margin:0 0 5px;padding:0;overflow:hidden;word-wrap:break-word;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;line-height:18px;text-align:left}.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4{font-size:9pt;line-height:1pc;height:33px}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item:hover .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4{text-decoration:underline}.at4-recommended a:link,.at4-recommended a:visited{text-decoration:none;color:#464646}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4 a:hover{text-decoration:underline;color:#000}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption small{display:block;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;font-size:11px;color:#666}.at4-recommended.at-medium .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption small{font-size:9px}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical{padding:15px 0 0}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item{display:block;width:auto;max-width:100%;height:60px;border:none;margin:0 0 15px;box-shadow:none;background:none}.at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img,.at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img img{width:60px;height:60px;float:left}.at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption{border-top:none;margin:0;height:60px;padding:3px 5px}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4{height:38px;margin:0}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption small{position:absolute;bottom:0}.at4-recommended .at-recommended-label.at-vertical{text-align:left}.at4-no-image-light-recommended,.at4-no-image-minimal-recommended{background-color:#f2f2f2!important}.at4-no-image-gray-recommended{background-color:#e6e6e5!important}.at4-no-image-dark-recommended{background-color:#4e555e!important}.at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img{background-repeat:no-repeat!important;background-position:center!important;width:100%!important;height:100%!important}.at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-no-image-dark-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img{background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,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)!important}.at4-recommended-vertical .at4-no-image-dark-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img{background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,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)!important}.at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-no-image-gray-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img,.at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-no-image-light-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img,.at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-no-image-minimal-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img{background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,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)!important}.at4-recommended-vertical .at4-no-image-gray-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img,.at4-recommended-vertical .at4-no-image-light-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img,.at4-recommended-vertical .at4-no-image-minimal-recommended .at4-recommended-item-placeholder-img{background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,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)!important}#at-drawer.ats-dark,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item-caption,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item-caption{background:#262b30}#at-drawer.ats-gray,.at4-recommended.ats-gray .at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item-caption{background:#f2f2f2}#at-drawer.ats-light,.at4-recommended.ats-light .at4-recommended-horizontal .at4-recommended-item-caption{background:#fff}.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-vertical .at4-recommended-item{background:none}.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption a:hover,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption a:link,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption a:visited,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption small,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-item-caption,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at-logo a:hover,.at4-recommended.ats-dark .at-recommended-label.at-vertical{color:#fff}.at4-recommended-vertical-logo{padding-top:0;text-align:left}.at4-recommended-vertical-logo .at4-logo-container{line-height:10px}.at4-recommended-horizontal-logo{text-align:center}.at4-recommended.at-inline .at4-recommended-horizontal-logo{text-align:left}#at4-thankyou .at4-recommended.at-inline .at4-recommended-horizontal{text-align:center}.at4-recommended .at-logo{margin:10px 0 0;padding:0;height:25px;overflow:auto;-ms-box-sizing:content-box;-o-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}.at4-recommended.at-inline .at4-recommended-horizontal .at-logo{text-align:left}.at4-recommended .at4-logo-container a.at-sponsored-link{color:#666}.at4-recommended-class .at4-logo-container a:hover,.at4-recommendedbox-outer-container .at4-recommended-recommendedbox .at4-logo-container a:hover{color:#000}</style><style type="text/css">.at-recommendedjumbo-outer-container{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;background:none;color:#000}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer{position:relative;width:100%;height:510px;overflow:hidden;-webkit-transition:all .3s ease-in-out;transition:all .3s ease-in-out}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer{height:250px}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer #bg-link:after{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;background:rgba(0,0,0,.75)}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer:hover #bg-link:after{background:rgba(0,0,0,.85)}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer *,.at-recommendedjumbo-footer :after,.at-recommendedjumbo-footer :before{box-sizing:border-box}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer:hover #at-recommendedjumbo-footer-bg{-webkit-animation:atRecommendedJumboAnimatedBackground 1s ease-in-out 1;animation:atRecommendedJumboAnimatedBackground 1s ease-in-out 1;-webkit-animation-fill-mode:forwards;animation-fill-mode:forwards}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-top-holder{position:absolute;top:0;padding:0 40px;width:100%}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-top-holder{padding:0 20px}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer .at-recommendedjumbo-footer-inner{position:relative;text-align:center;font-family:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;z-index:2;width:100%}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-label-holder{margin:40px 0 0;max-height:30px}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-label-holder{margin:20px 0 0;max-height:20px}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-label{font-weight:300;font-size:24px;line-height:24px;color:#fff;margin:0}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-label{font-weight:150;font-size:14px;line-height:14px}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-title-holder{margin:20px 0 0;min-height:3pc;max-height:78pt}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-title-holder{margin:10px 0 0;min-height:24px;max-height:54px}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-content-title{font-size:3pc;line-height:52px;font-weight:700;margin:0}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer #at-recommendedjumbo-content-title{font-size:24px;line-height:27px}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer a{text-decoration:none;color:#fff}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer a:visited{color:#fff}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer small{margin:20px 0 0;display:inline-block;height:2pc;line-height:2pc;font-size:14px;color:#ccc;cursor:default}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer small{margin:10px 0 0;height:14px;line-height:14px;font-size:9pt}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer .at-logo-container{position:absolute;bottom:20px;margin:auto;left:0;right:0}.at-mobile .at-recommendedjumbo-footer .at-logo-container{bottom:10px}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer a.at-sponsored-link{color:#ccc}.at-recommendedjumbo-footer div #at-recommendedjumbo-logo-link{padding:2px 0 0 11px;text-decoration:none;line-height:20px;font-family:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:9px;color:#ccc}@-webkit-keyframes atRecommendedJumboAnimatedBackground{0%{-webkit-transform:scale(1,1);transform:scale(1,1)}to{-webkit-transform:scale(1.1,1.1);transform:scale(1.1,1.1)}}@keyframes atRecommendedJumboAnimatedBackground{0%{-webkit-transform:scale(1,1);transform:scale(1,1)}to{-webkit-transform:scale(1.1,1.1);transform:scale(1.1,1.1)}}</style><style type="text/css">.at-resp-share-element{position:relative;padding:0;margin:0;font-size:0;line-height:0}.at-resp-share-element:after,.at-resp-share-element:before{content:" ";display:table}.at-resp-share-element.at-mobile .at4-share-count-container,.at-resp-share-element.at-mobile .at-label{display:none}.at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn{display:inline-block;*display:inline;*zoom:1;margin:0 2px 5px;padding:0;overflow:hidden;line-height:0;text-decoration:none;text-transform:none;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:all .2s ease-in-out;transition:all .2s ease-in-out;border:0;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;background-color:transparent}.at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}.at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn:focus,.at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn:hover{-webkit-transform:translateY(-4px);transform:translateY(-4px);color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn .at-icon-wrapper{float:left}.at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn.at-share-btn.at-svc-compact:hover{-webkit-transform:none;transform:none}.at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn .at-label{font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:9pt;padding:0 15px 0 0;margin:0 0 0 5px;height:2pc;line-height:2pc;background:none}.at-resp-share-element .at-icon,.at-resp-share-element .at-label{cursor:pointer}.at-resp-share-element .at4-share-count-container{text-decoration:none;float:right;padding-right:15px;font-size:9pt}.at-mobile .at-resp-share-element .at-label{display:none}.at-resp-share-element.at-mobile .at-share-btn{margin-right:5px}.at-mobile .at-resp-share-element .at-share-btn{padding:5px;margin-right:5px}</style><style type="text/css">.at-share-tbx-element{position:relative;margin:0;color:#fff;font-size:0}.at-share-tbx-element,.at-share-tbx-element .at-share-btn{font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;padding:0;line-height:0}.at-share-tbx-element .at-share-btn{cursor:pointer;margin:0 5px 5px 0;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;border:0;text-decoration:none;text-transform:none;background-color:transparent;color:inherit;-webkit-transition:all .2s ease-in-out;transition:all .2s ease-in-out}.at-share-tbx-element .at-share-btn:focus,.at-share-tbx-element .at-share-btn:hover{-webkit-transform:translateY(-4px);transform:translateY(-4px);outline-offset:-1px;color:inherit}.at-share-tbx-element .at-share-btn::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}.at-share-tbx-element .at-share-btn.at-share-btn.at-svc-compact:hover{-webkit-transform:none;transform:none}.at-share-tbx-element .at-icon-wrapper{vertical-align:middle}.at-share-tbx-element .at4-share-count,.at-share-tbx-element .at-label{margin:0 7.5px 0 2.5px;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;background:none;height:0;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;color:inherit}.at-share-tbx-element.at-mobile .at4-share-count,.at-share-tbx-element.at-mobile .at-label{display:none}.at-share-tbx-element .at_native_button{vertical-align:middle}.at-share-tbx-element .addthis_counter.addthis_bubble_style{margin:0 2px;vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}.at-share-tbx-element .fb_iframe_widget{display:block}.at-share-tbx-element.at-share-tbx-native .at300b{vertical-align:middle}.at-style-responsive .at-share-btn{padding:5px}.at-style-jumbo{display:table}.at-style-jumbo .at4-spacer{height:1px;display:block;visibility:hidden;opacity:0}.at-style-jumbo .at4-count-container{display:table-cell;text-align:center;min-width:200px;vertical-align:middle;border-right:1px solid #ccc;padding-right:20px}.at-style-jumbo .at4-count{font-size:60px;line-height:60px;font-weight:700}.at-style-jumbo .at4-count-title{position:relative;font-size:18px;line-height:18px;bottom:2px}.at-style-jumbo .at-share-btn-elements{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:20px}.at_flat_counter{cursor:pointer;font-family:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;display:inline-block;position:relative;vertical-align:top;height:100%;margin:0 5px;padding:0 6px;left:-1px;background:#ebebeb;color:#32363b;-webkit-transition:all .2s ease;transition:all .2s ease}.at_flat_counter:after{top:30%;left:-4px;content:"";position:absolute;border-width:5px 8px 5px 0;border-style:solid;border-color:transparent #ebebeb transparent transparent;display:block;width:0;height:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(360deg);transform:translateY(360deg)}.at_flat_counter:hover{background:#e1e2e2}</style><style type="text/css">.at4-thankyou-background{top:0;right:0;left:0;bottom:0;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;z-index:9999999;background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAABtJREFUeNpizCuu/sRABGBiIBKMKqSOQoAAAwC8KgJipENhxwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==);background:hsla(217,6%,46%,.95)}.at4-thankyou-background.at-thankyou-shown{position:fixed}.at4-thankyou-inner{position:absolute;width:100%;top:10%;left:50%;margin-left:-50%;text-align:center}.at4-thankyou-mobile .at4-thankyou-inner{top:5%}.thankyou-description{font-weight:400}.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner{position:relative;width:100%;height:100%}.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner .at4x{position:absolute;top:15px;right:15px;display:block;width:20px;height:20px;padding:20px;margin:0;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:opacity .25s ease-in;transition:opacity .25s ease-in;opacity:.4;background:url("data:image/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlzAAALEgAACxIB0t1+/AAAABx0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUAQWRvYmUgRmlyZXdvcmtzIENTNui8sowAAAAWdEVYdENyZWF0aW9uIFRpbWUAMTEvMTMvMTKswDp5AAAAd0lEQVQ4jb2VQRLAIAgDE///Z3qqY1FAhalHMCsCIkVEAIAkkVgvp2lDBgYAnAyHkWotLccNrEd4A7X2TqIdqLfnWBAdaF5rJdyJfjtPH5GT37CaGhoVq3nOm/XflUuLUto2pY1d+vRKh0Pp+MrAVtDe2JkvYNQ+jVSEEFmOkggAAAAASUVORK5CYII=") no-repeat center center;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-99999em;border:1px solid transparent}.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner .at4x:focus,.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner .at4x:hover{border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:50%;outline:0}.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner #at4-palogo{position:absolute;bottom:10px;display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;font-family:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:11px;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transition:opacity .25s ease-in;moz-transition:opacity .25s ease-in;transition:opacity .25s ease-in;opacity:.5;z-index:100020;color:#fff;padding:2px 0 0 13px}.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner #at4-palogo .at-branding-addthis,.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner #at4-palogo .at-branding-info{color:#fff}.at4-thankyou-background .at4lb-inner #at4-palogo:hover,.at4-thankyou-background.ats-dark .at4lb-inner a#at4-palogo:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#fff;opacity:1}.at4-thankyou-background.ats-dark{background-image:url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAABtJREFUeNpiZGBgeMZABGBiIBKMKqSOQoAAAwB+cQD6hqlbCwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==");background:rgba(0,0,0,.85)}.at4-thankyou-background .thankyou-title{color:#fff;font-size:38.5px;margin:10px 20px;line-height:38.5px;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-weight:300}.at4-thankyou-background.ats-dark .thankyou-description,.at4-thankyou-background.ats-dark .thankyou-title{color:#fff}.at4-thankyou-background .thankyou-description{color:#fff;font-size:18px;margin:10px 0;line-height:24px;padding:0;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-weight:300}.at4-thankyou-background .at4-thanks-icons{padding-top:10px}.at4-thankyou-mobile *{-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}#at4-thankyou .at4-recommended-recommendedbox .at-logo{display:none}.at4-thankyou .at-h3{height:49px;line-height:49px;margin:0 50px 0 20px;padding:1px 0 0;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:1pc;font-weight:700;color:#fff;text-shadow:0 1px #000}.at4-thanks{padding-top:50px;text-align:center}.at4-thanks label{display:block;margin:0 0 15px;font-size:1pc;line-height:1pc}.at4-thanks .at4-h2{background:none;border:none;margin:0 0 10px;padding:0;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:28px;font-weight:300;color:#000}.at4-thanks .at4-thanks-icons{position:relative;height:2pc}.at4-thanks .at4-thanks-icons .at-thankyou-label{display:block;padding-bottom:10px;font-size:14px;color:#666}.at4-thankyou-layer .at-follow .at-icon-wrapper{width:2pc;height:2pc}</style><style type="text/css">.at4-recommended-toaster{position:fixed;top:auto;bottom:0;right:0;z-index:100021}.at4-recommended-toaster.ats-light{border:1px solid #c5c5c5;background:#fff}.at4-recommended-toaster.ats-gray{border:1px solid #c5c5c5;background:#f2f2f2}.at4-recommended-toaster.ats-dark{background:#262b30;color:#fff}.at4-recommended-toaster .at4-recommended-container{padding-top:0;margin:0}.at4-recommended.at4-recommended-toaster div.at-recommended-label{line-height:1pc;font-size:1pc;text-align:left;padding:20px 0 0 20px}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption .at-h4{font-size:11px;line-height:11px;margin:10px 0 6px;height:30px}.at4-recommended.at4-recommended-toaster div.at-recommended-label.ats-gray,.at4-recommended.at4-recommended-toaster div.at-recommended-label.ats-light{color:#464646}.at4-recommended.at4-recommended-toaster div.at-recommended-label.ats-dark{color:#fff}.at4-toaster-close-control{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;display:block;width:20px;height:20px;line-height:20px;margin:5px 5px 0 0;padding:0;text-indent:-9999em}.at4-toaster-open-control{position:fixed;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:100020}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended-item{width:90pt;border:0;margin:9px 10px 0}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended-item:first-child{margin-left:20px}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended-item:last-child{margin-right:20px}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img{max-height:90pt;max-width:90pt}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-img img{height:90pt;width:90pt}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption{height:30px;padding:0;margin:0;height:initial}.at4-toaster-outer .ats-dark .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption{background:#262b30}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption small{width:auto;line-height:14px;margin:0}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended.ats-dark .at4-recommended-item .at4-recommended-item-caption small{color:#fff}.at4-recommended-toaster .at-logo{margin:0 0 3px 20px;text-align:left}.at4-recommended-toaster .at-logo .at4-logo-container.at-sponsored-logo{position:relative}.at4-toaster-outer .at4-recommended-item .sponsored-label{text-align:right;font-size:10px;color:#666;float:right;position:fixed;bottom:6px;right:20px;top:initial;z-index:99999}</style><style type="text/css">.at4-whatsnext{position:fixed;bottom:0!important;right:0;background:#fff;border:1px solid #c5c5c5;margin:-1px;width:390px;height:90pt;overflow:hidden;font-size:9pt;font-weight:400;color:#000;z-index:1800000000}.at4-whatsnext a{color:#666}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content{height:90pt;position:relative}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content .at-branding{position:absolute;bottom:15px;right:10px;padding-left:9px;text-decoration:none;line-height:10px;font-family:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:10px;color:#666}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-inner{position:absolute;top:15px;right:20px;bottom:15px;left:140px;text-align:left;height:105px}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content-inner a{display:inline-block}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content-inner div.at-h6{text-align:left;margin:0;padding:0 0 3px;font-size:11px;color:#666;cursor:default}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content .at-h3{text-align:left;margin:5px 0;padding:0;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:400;font-size:14px;height:3pc}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content-inner a:link,.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content-inner a:visited{text-decoration:none;font-weight:400;color:#464646}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content-inner a:hover{color:#000}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content-inner small{position:absolute;bottom:15px;line-height:10px;font-size:11px;color:#666;cursor:default;text-align:left}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-img{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:90pt;height:90pt;overflow:hidden}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-img img{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;max-height:none;max-width:none}.at4-whatsnext .at-whatsnext-close-control{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;display:block;width:20px;height:20px;line-height:20px;margin:0 5px 0 0;padding:0;text-indent:-9999em}.at-whatsnext-open-control{position:fixed;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:100020}.at4-whatsnext.ats-dark{background:#262b30}.at4-whatsnext.ats-dark .at-whatsnext-content .at-h3,.at4-whatsnext.ats-dark .at-whatsnext-content a.at4-logo:hover,.at4-whatsnext.ats-dark .at-whatsnext-content-inner a:link,.at4-whatsnext.ats-dark .at-whatsnext-content-inner a:visited{color:#fff}.at4-whatsnext.ats-light{background:#fff}.at4-whatsnext.ats-gray{background:#f2f2f2}.at4-whatsnext.at-whatsnext-nophoto{width:270px}.at4-whatsnext.at-whatsnext-nophoto .at-whatsnext-content-img{display:none}.at4-whatsnext.at-whatsnext-nophoto .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-inner{top:15px;right:0;left:20px}.at4-whatsnext.at-whatsnext-nophoto .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-inner.addthis_32x32_style{top:0;right:0;left:0;padding:45px 20px 0;font-size:20px}.at4-whatsnext.at-whatsnext-nophoto .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-inner .at4-icon,.at4-whatsnext.at-whatsnext-nophoto .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-inner .at4-icon-fw,.at4-whatsnext.at-whatsnext-nophoto .at-whatsnext-content .at-whatsnext-content-inner .whatsnext-msg{vertical-align:middle}.at-whatsnext-img,.at-whatsnext-img-lnk{position:absolute;left:0}</style><style type="text/css">.at4-whatsnextmobile{position:fixed;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;background:#fff;z-index:9999998;height:170px;font-size:28px}.at4-whatsnextmobile .col-2{height:100%;font-size:1em}.at4-whatsnextmobile .col-2:first-child{max-width:200px;display:inline-block;float:left}.at4-whatsnextmobile .col-2:last-child{position:absolute;left:200px;right:50px;top:0;bottom:0;display:inline-block}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-whatsnext-content-inner{font-size:1em}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-whatsnext-content-img img{height:100%;width:100%}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-close-control{font-size:1em;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:50px;height:50px}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-close-control button{width:100%;height:100%;font-size:1em;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;opacity:.5;padding:0;cursor:pointer;background:0 0;border:0;-webkit-appearance:none}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-h3,.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-h6{font-size:1em;margin:0;color:#a1a1a1;margin-left:2.5%;margin-top:25px}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-h3{font-size:1em;line-height:1em;font-weight:500;height:50%}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-h3 a{font-size:1em;text-decoration:none}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-h6{font-size:.8em;line-height:.8em;font-weight:500}.at4-whatsnextmobile .footer{position:absolute;bottom:2px;left:200px;right:0;padding-left:2.5%;font-size:1em;line-height:.6em}.at4-whatsnextmobile .footer small{font-size:.6em;color:#a1a1a1}.at4-whatsnextmobile .footer small:first-child{margin-right:5%;float:left}.at4-whatsnextmobile .footer small:last-child{margin-right:2.5%;float:right}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-whatsnext-content{height:100%}.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-dark{background:#262b30;color:#fff}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-close-control button{color:#bfbfbf}.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-dark a:link,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-dark a:visited{color:#fff}.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-gray{background:#f2f2f2;color:#262b30}.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-light{background:#fff;color:#262b30}.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-dark .footer a:link,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-dark .footer a:visited,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-gray .footer a:link,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-gray .footer a:visited,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-light .footer a:link,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-light .footer a:visited{color:#a1a1a1}.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-gray a:link,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-gray a:visited,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-light a:link,.at4-whatsnextmobile.ats-light a:visited{color:#262b30}@media only screen and (min-device-width:320px) and (max-device-width:480px){.at4-whatsnextmobile{height:85px;font-size:14px}.at4-whatsnextmobile .col-2:first-child{width:75pt}.at4-whatsnextmobile .col-2:last-child{right:25px;left:75pt}.at4-whatsnextmobile .footer{left:75pt}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-close-control{width:25px;height:25px}.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-h3,.at4-whatsnextmobile .at-h6{margin-top:12.5px}}</style><style type="text/css">.at-custom-mobile-bar{left:0;right:0;width:100%;height:56px;position:fixed;text-align:center;z-index:100020;background:#fff;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 0 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);font:initial;line-height:normal;top:auto;bottom:0}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-custom-mobile-bar-zindex-hide{z-index:-1!important}.at-custom-mobile-bar.atss-top{top:0;bottom:auto}.at-custom-mobile-bar.atss-bottom{top:auto;bottom:0}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-custom-mobile-bar-btns{display:inline-block;text-align:center}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-custom-mobile-bar-counter,.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-share-btn{margin-top:4px}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-share-btn{display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none;box-sizing:content-box}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-custom-mobile-bar-counter{font-family:Helvetica neue,arial;vertical-align:top;margin-left:4px;margin-right:4px;display:inline-block}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-custom-mobile-bar-count{font-size:26px;line-height:1.25em;color:#222}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-custom-mobile-bar-text{font-size:9pt;line-height:1.25em;color:#888;letter-spacing:1px}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-icon-wrapper{text-align:center;height:3pc;width:3pc;margin:0 4px}.at-custom-mobile-bar .at-icon{vertical-align:top;margin:8px;width:2pc;height:2pc}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-medium{height:3pc}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-medium .at-custom-mobile-bar-counter{margin-top:6px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-medium .at-custom-mobile-bar-count{font-size:18px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-medium .at-custom-mobile-bar-text{font-size:10px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-medium .at-icon-wrapper{height:40px;width:40px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-medium .at-icon{margin:6px;width:28px;height:28px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-small{height:40px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-small .at-custom-mobile-bar-counter{margin-top:3px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-small .at-custom-mobile-bar-count{font-size:1pc}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-small .at-custom-mobile-bar-text{font-size:10px}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-small .at-icon-wrapper{height:2pc;width:2pc}.at-custom-mobile-bar.at-shfs-small .at-icon{margin:4px;width:24px;height:24px}</style><style type="text/css">.at-custom-sidebar{top:20%;width:58px;position:fixed;text-align:center;z-index:100020;background:#fff;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 0 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);font:initial;line-height:normal;top:auto;bottom:0}.at-custom-sidebar.at-custom-sidebar-zindex-hide{z-index:-1!important}.at-custom-sidebar.atss-left{left:0;right:auto;float:left;border-radius:0 4px 4px 0}.at-custom-sidebar.atss-right{left:auto;right:0;float:right;border-radius:4px 0 0 4px}.at-custom-sidebar .at-custom-sidebar-btns{display:inline-block;text-align:center;padding-top:4px}.at-custom-sidebar .at-custom-sidebar-counter{margin-bottom:8px}.at-custom-sidebar .at-share-btn{display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none;box-sizing:content-box}.at-custom-sidebar .at-custom-sidebar-counter{font-family:Helvetica neue,arial;vertical-align:top;margin-left:4px;margin-right:4px;display:inline-block}.at-custom-sidebar .at-custom-sidebar-count{font-size:21px;line-height:1.25em;color:#222}.at-custom-sidebar .at-custom-sidebar-text{font-size:10px;line-height:1.25em;color:#888;letter-spacing:1px}.at-custom-sidebar .at-icon-wrapper{text-align:center;margin:0 4px}.at-custom-sidebar .at-icon{vertical-align:top;margin:9px;width:2pc;height:2pc}.at-custom-sidebar .at-icon-wrapper{position:relative}.at-custom-sidebar .at4-share-count,.at-custom-sidebar .at4-share-count-container{line-height:1pc;font-size:10px}.at-custom-sidebar .at4-share-count{text-indent:0;font-family:Arial,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-weight:200;width:100%;height:1pc}.at-custom-sidebar .at4-share-count-anchor .at-icon{margin-top:3px}.at-custom-sidebar .at4-share-count-container{position:absolute;left:0;right:auto;top:auto;bottom:0;width:100%;color:#fff;background:inherit}</style><style type="text/css">.at-image-sharing-mobile-icon{position:absolute;background:#000 url(//s7.addthis.com/static/44a36d35bafef33aa9455b7d3039a771.png) no-repeat top center;background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.9);background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/10db525181ee0bbe1a515001be1c7818.svg),none;border-radius:3px;width:50px;height:40px;top:-9999px;left:-9999px}.at-image-sharing-tool{display:block;position:absolute;text-align:center;z-index:9001;background:none;overflow:hidden;top:-9999px;left:-9999px;font:initial;line-height:0}.at-image-sharing-tool.addthis-animated{-webkit-animation-duration:.15s;animation-duration:.15s}.at-image-sharing-tool.at-orientation-vertical .at-share-btn{display:block}.at-image-sharing-tool.at-orientation-horizontal .at-share-btn{display:inline-block}.at-image-sharing-tool.at-image-sharing-tool-size-big .at-icon{width:43px;height:43px}.at-image-sharing-tool.at-image-sharing-tool-size-mobile .at-share-btn{margin:0!important}.at-image-sharing-tool.at-image-sharing-tool-size-mobile .at-icon-wrapper{height:60px;width:100%;border-radius:0!important}.at-image-sharing-tool.at-image-sharing-tool-size-mobile .at-icon{max-width:100%;height:54px!important;width:54px!important}.at-image-sharing-tool .at-custom-shape.at-image-sharing-tool-btns{margin-right:8px;margin-bottom:8px}.at-image-sharing-tool .at-custom-shape .at-share-btn{margin-top:8px;margin-left:8px}.at-image-sharing-tool .at-share-btn{line-height:0;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none;box-sizing:content-box}.at-image-sharing-tool .at-icon-wrapper{text-align:center;height:100%;width:100%}.at-image-sharing-tool .at-icon{vertical-align:top;width:2pc;height:2pc;margin:3px}</style><style type="text/css">.at-expanding-share-button{box-sizing:border-box;position:fixed;z-index:9999}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right]{bottom:10px;right:10px}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right] .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg,.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right] .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn[data-name]:after,.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right] .at-icon-wrapper,.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right] [data-name]:after{float:right}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right] [data-name]:after{margin-right:10px}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right] .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn[data-name]:after{margin-right:5px}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-right] .at-icon-wrapper{margin-right:-3px}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-left]{bottom:10px;left:10px}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-left] .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg,.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-left] .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn[data-name]:after,.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-left] .at-icon-wrapper,.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-left] [data-name]:after{float:left}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-left] [data-name]:after{margin-left:10px}.at-expanding-share-button[data-position=bottom-left] .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn[data-name]:after{margin-left:5px}.at-expanding-share-button *,.at-expanding-share-button :after,.at-expanding-share-button :before{box-sizing:border-box}.at-expanding-share-button .at-expanding-share-button-services-list{display:none;list-style:none;margin:0 5px;overflow:visible;padding:0}.at-expanding-share-button .at-expanding-share-button-services-list>li{display:block;height:45px;position:relative;overflow:visible}.at-expanding-share-button .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn,.at-expanding-share-button .at-share-btn{-webkit-transition:.1s;transition:.1s;text-decoration:none}.at-expanding-share-button .at-share-btn{display:block;height:40px;padding:0 3px 0 0}.at-expanding-share-button .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn{position:relative;overflow:auto}.at-expanding-share-button .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn.at-expanding-share-button-hidden[data-name]:after{display:none}.at-expanding-share-button .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg{box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.3);border-radius:50%;position:relative}.at-expanding-share-button .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg>span{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width%3D%2232px%22%20height%3D%2232px%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2032%2032%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Ctitle%3Eshare%3C%2Ftitle%3E%3Cg%20stroke%3D%22none%22%20stroke-width%3D%221%22%20fill%3D%22none%22%20fill-rule%3D%22evenodd%22%3E%3Cg%20fill%3D%22%23FFFFFF%22%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M26%2C13.4285714%20C26%2C13.6220248%2025.9293162%2C13.7894338%2025.7879464%2C13.9308036%20L20.0736607%2C19.6450893%20C19.932291%2C19.786459%2019.7648819%2C19.8571429%2019.5714286%2C19.8571429%20C19.3779752%2C19.8571429%2019.2105662%2C19.786459%2019.0691964%2C19.6450893%20C18.9278267%2C19.5037195%2018.8571429%2C19.3363105%2018.8571429%2C19.1428571%20L18.8571429%2C16.2857143%20L16.3571429%2C16.2857143%20C15.6279725%2C16.2857143%2014.9750773%2C16.3080355%2014.3984375%2C16.3526786%20C13.8217977%2C16.3973217%2013.2488868%2C16.477306%2012.6796875%2C16.5926339%20C12.1104882%2C16.7079619%2011.6157015%2C16.8660704%2011.1953125%2C17.0669643%20C10.7749235%2C17.2678581%2010.3824423%2C17.5264121%2010.0178571%2C17.8426339%20C9.65327199%2C18.1588557%209.35565592%2C18.534596%209.125%2C18.9698661%20C8.89434408%2C19.4051361%208.71391434%2C19.9203839%208.58370536%2C20.515625%20C8.45349637%2C21.1108661%208.38839286%2C21.7842224%208.38839286%2C22.5357143%20C8.38839286%2C22.9449425%208.40699386%2C23.4025272%208.44419643%2C23.9084821%20C8.44419643%2C23.9531252%208.45349693%2C24.0405499%208.47209821%2C24.1707589%20C8.4906995%2C24.3009679%208.5%2C24.3995532%208.5%2C24.4665179%20C8.5%2C24.5781256%208.46837829%2C24.6711306%208.40513393%2C24.7455357%20C8.34188956%2C24.8199408%208.25446484%2C24.8571429%208.14285714%2C24.8571429%20C8.02380893%2C24.8571429%207.9196433%2C24.7938994%207.83035714%2C24.6674107%20C7.77827355%2C24.6004461%207.72991094%2C24.5186017%207.68526786%2C24.421875%20C7.64062478%2C24.3251483%207.59040206%2C24.2135423%207.53459821%2C24.0870536%20C7.47879436%2C23.9605648%207.43973225%2C23.87128%207.41741071%2C23.8191964%20C6.47246551%2C21.6986501%206%2C20.0208395%206%2C18.7857143%20C6%2C17.3050521%206.19717065%2C16.0662252%206.59151786%2C15.0691964%20C7.79688103%2C12.0706695%2011.0520568%2C10.5714286%2016.3571429%2C10.5714286%20L18.8571429%2C10.5714286%20L18.8571429%2C7.71428571%20C18.8571429%2C7.52083237%2018.9278267%2C7.35342333%2019.0691964%2C7.21205357%20C19.2105662%2C7.07068382%2019.3779752%2C7%2019.5714286%2C7%20C19.7648819%2C7%2019.932291%2C7.07068382%2020.0736607%2C7.21205357%20L25.7879464%2C12.9263393%20C25.9293162%2C13.067709%2026%2C13.2351181%2026%2C13.4285714%20L26%2C13.4285714%20Z%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E");background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-transition:transform .4s ease;transition:transform .4s ease;border-radius:50%;display:block}.at-expanding-share-button .at-icon-wrapper{box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.3);border-radius:50%;display:inline-block;height:40px;line-height:40px;text-align:center;width:40px}.at-expanding-share-button .at-icon{display:inline-block;height:34px;margin:3px 0;vertical-align:top;width:34px}.at-expanding-share-button [data-name]:after{box-shadow:0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.3);-webkit-transform:translate(0, -50%);transform:translate(0, -50%);-webkit-transition:.4s;transition:.4s;background-color:#fff;border-radius:3px;color:#666;content:attr(data-name);font-family:Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:9pt;line-height:9pt;font-weight:500;opacity:0;padding:3px 5px;position:relative;top:20px;white-space:nowrap}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-show-icons .at-expanding-share-button-services-list{display:block}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-animate-in .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg>span{-webkit-transform:rotate(270deg);transform:rotate(270deg);background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20xmlns%3Axlink%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1999%2Fxlink%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2032%2032%22%3E%3Cg%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M18%2014V8h-4v6H8v4h6v6h4v-6h6v-4h-6z%22%20fill-rule%3D%22evenodd%22%20fill%3D%22white%22%3E%3C%2Fpath%3E%3C%2Fg%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E");background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-animate-in [data-name]:after{opacity:1}.at-expanding-share-button.at-hide-label [data-name]:after{display:none}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-desktop .at-expanding-share-button-toggle{height:50px}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-desktop .at-icon-wrapper:hover{box-shadow:0 2px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.5)}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-desktop .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg{height:50px;line-height:50px;width:50px}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-desktop .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg>span{height:50px;width:50px}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-desktop .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg:after{box-shadow:0 2px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);-webkit-transition:opacity .2s ease;transition:opacity .2s ease;border-radius:50%;content:'';height:100%;opacity:0;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-desktop .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg:hover:after{opacity:1}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-desktop .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn[data-name]:after{top:25px}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-expanding-share-button-services-list{margin:0}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-btn,.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-share-btn{outline:0}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-expanding-share-button-toggle{height:40px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg,.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-expanding-share-button-toggle-bg span{height:40px;line-height:40px;width:40px}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-expanding-share-button-click-flash{-webkit-transform:scale(0);transform:scale(0);-webkit-transition:transform ease,opacity ease-in;transition:transform ease,opacity ease-in;background-color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.3);border-radius:50%;height:40px;opacity:1;position:absolute;width:40px;z-index:10000}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile .at-expanding-share-button-click-flash.at-expanding-share-button-click-flash-animate{-webkit-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1);opacity:0}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile+.at-expanding-share-button-mobile-overlay{-webkit-transition:opacity ease;transition:opacity ease;bottom:0;background-color:hsla(0,0%,87%,.7);display:block;height:auto;left:0;opacity:0;position:fixed;right:0;top:0;width:auto;z-index:9998}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile+.at-expanding-share-button-mobile-overlay.at-expanding-share-button-hidden{height:0;width:0;z-index:-10000}.at-expanding-share-button.at-expanding-share-button-mobile.at-expanding-share-button-animate-in+.at-expanding-share-button-mobile-overlay{-webkit-transition:opacity ease;transition:opacity ease;opacity:1}</style><style type="text/css">#addthissmartlayerscssready{color:#bada55!important}.addthis-smartlayers,div#at4-follow,div#at4-share,div#at4-thankyou,div#at4-whatsnext{padding:0;margin:0}#at4-follow-label,#at4-share-label,#at4-whatsnext-label,.at4-recommended-label.hidden{padding:0;border:none;background:none;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;height:0;width:0;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-9999em}.addthis-smartlayers .at4-arrow:hover{cursor:pointer}.addthis-smartlayers .at4-arrow:after,.addthis-smartlayers .at4-arrow:before{content:none}a.at4-logo{background:url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBwAHAJEAAP9uQf///wAAAAAAACH5BAkKAAIALAAAAAAHAAcAAAILFH6Ge8EBH2MKiQIAOw==) no-repeat left center}.at4-minimal a.at4-logo{background:url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBwAHAJEAAP9uQf///wAAAAAAACH5BAkKAAIALAAAAAAHAAcAAAILFH6Ge8EBH2MKiQIAOw==) no-repeat left center!important}button.at4-closebutton{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;padding:0;margin-right:10px;cursor:pointer;background:transparent;border:0;-webkit-appearance:none;font-size:19px;line-height:1;color:#000;text-shadow:0 1px 0 #fff;opacity:.2}button.at4-closebutton:hover{color:#000;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;opacity:.5}div.at4-arrow{background-image:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFAAAAAoCAYAAABpYH0BAAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAV1JREFUeNrsmesOgyAMhQfxwfrofTM3E10ME2i5Oeppwr9a5OMUCrh1XV+wcvNAAIAA+BiAzrmtUWln27dbjEcC3AdODfo0BdEPhmcO4nIDvDNELi2jggk4/k8dT7skfeKzWIEd4VUpMQKvNB7X+OZSmAZkATWC1xvipbpnLmOosbJZC08CkAeA4E6qFUEMwLAGnlSBPCE8lW8CYnZTcimH2HoT7kSFOx5HBmCnDhTIu1p5s98G+QZrxGPhZVMY1vgyAQaAAAiAAAgDQACcBOD+BvJtBWfRy7NpJK5tBe4FNzXokywV734wPHMQlxvgnSGyNoUP/2ACjv/7iSeYKO3YWKzAjvCqlBiBVxqPa3ynexNJwOsN8TJbzL6JNIYYXWpMv4lIIAZgWANPqkCeEJ7KNwExu8lpLlSpAVQarO77TyKdBsyRPuwV0h0gmoGnTWFYzVkYBoAA+I/2FmAAt6+b5XM9mFkAAAAASUVORK5CYII=);background-repeat:no-repeat;width:20px;height:20px;margin:0;padding:0;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-9999em;text-align:left;cursor:pointer}#at4-recommendedpanel-outer-container .at4-arrow.at-right,div.at4-arrow.at-right{background-position:-20px 0}#at4-recommendedpanel-outer-container .at4-arrow.at-left,div.at4-arrow.at-left{background-position:0 0}div.at4-arrow.at-down{background-position:-60px 0}div.at4-arrow.at-up{background-position:-40px 0}.ats-dark div.at4-arrow.at-right{background-position:-20px -20px}.ats-dark div.at4-arrow.at-left{background-position:0 -20px}.ats-dark div.at4-arrow.at-down{background-position:-60px -20px}.ats-dark div.at4-arrow.at-up{background-position:-40px -20}.at4-opacity-hidden{opacity:0!important}.at4-opacity-visible{opacity:1!important}.at4-visually-hidden{position:absolute;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);padding:0;border:0;overflow:hidden}.at4-hidden-off-screen,.at4-hidden-off-screen *{position:absolute!important;top:-9999px!important;left:-9999px!important}.at4-show{display:block!important;opacity:1!important}.at4-show-content{opacity:1!important;visibility:visible}.at4-hide{display:none!important;opacity:0!important}.at4-hide-content{opacity:0!important;visibility:hidden}.at4-visible{display:block!important;opacity:0!important}.at-wordpress-hide{display:none!important;opacity:0!important}.addthis-animated{-webkit-animation-fill-mode:both;animation-fill-mode:both;animation-timing-function:ease-out;-webkit-animation-duration:.3s;animation-duration:.3s}.slideInDown.addthis-animated,.slideInLeft.addthis-animated,.slideInRight.addthis-animated,.slideInUp.addthis-animated,.slideOutDown.addthis-animated,.slideOutLeft.addthis-animated,.slideOutRight.addthis-animated,.slideOutUp.addthis-animated{-webkit-animation-duration:.4s;animation-duration:.4s}@-webkit-keyframes fadeIn{0%{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}@keyframes fadeIn{0%{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}.fadeIn{-webkit-animation-name:fadeIn;animation-name:fadeIn}@-webkit-keyframes fadeInUp{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(20px)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}}@keyframes fadeInUp{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(20px)}to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}}.fadeInUp{-webkit-animation-name:fadeInUp;animation-name:fadeInUp}@-webkit-keyframes fadeInDown{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(-20px)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}}@keyframes fadeInDown{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-20px)}to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}}.fadeInDown{-webkit-animation-name:fadeInDown;animation-name:fadeInDown}@-webkit-keyframes fadeInLeft{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(-20px)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateX(0)}}@keyframes fadeInLeft{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateX(-20px)}to{opacity:1;transform:translateX(0)}}.fadeInLeft{-webkit-animation-name:fadeInLeft;animation-name:fadeInLeft}@-webkit-keyframes fadeInRight{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(20px)}to{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateX(0)}}@keyframes fadeInRight{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateX(20px)}to{opacity:1;transform:translateX(0)}}.fadeInRight{-webkit-animation-name:fadeInRight;animation-name:fadeInRight}@-webkit-keyframes fadeOut{0%{opacity:1}to{opacity:0}}@keyframes fadeOut{0%{opacity:1}to{opacity:0}}.fadeOut{-webkit-animation-name:fadeOut;animation-name:fadeOut}@-webkit-keyframes fadeOutUp{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(-20px)}}@keyframes fadeOutUp{0%{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}to{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-20px)}}.fadeOutUp{-webkit-animation-name:fadeOutUp;animation-name:fadeOutUp}@-webkit-keyframes fadeOutDown{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(20px)}}@keyframes fadeOutDown{0%{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}to{opacity:0;transform:translateY(20px)}}.fadeOutDown{-webkit-animation-name:fadeOutDown;animation-name:fadeOutDown}@-webkit-keyframes fadeOutLeft{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateX(0)}to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(-20px)}}@keyframes fadeOutLeft{0%{opacity:1;transform:translateX(0)}to{opacity:0;transform:translateX(-20px)}}.fadeOutLeft{-webkit-animation-name:fadeOutLeft;animation-name:fadeOutLeft}@-webkit-keyframes fadeOutRight{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateX(0)}to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(20px)}}@keyframes fadeOutRight{0%{opacity:1;transform:translateX(0)}to{opacity:0;transform:translateX(20px)}}.fadeOutRight{-webkit-animation-name:fadeOutRight;animation-name:fadeOutRight}@-webkit-keyframes slideInUp{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(1500px)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}}@keyframes slideInUp{0%{transform:translateY(1500px)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{transform:translateY(0)}}.slideInUp{-webkit-animation-name:slideInUp;animation-name:slideInUp}.slideInUp.addthis-animated{-webkit-animation-duration:.4s;animation-duration:.4s}@-webkit-keyframes slideInDown{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(-850px)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}}@keyframes slideInDown{0%{transform:translateY(-850px)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{transform:translateY(0)}}.slideInDown{-webkit-animation-name:slideInDown;animation-name:slideInDown}@-webkit-keyframes slideOutUp{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{-webkit-transform:translateY(-250px)}}@keyframes slideOutUp{0%{transform:translateY(0)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{transform:translateY(-250px)}}.slideOutUp{-webkit-animation-name:slideOutUp;animation-name:slideOutUp}@-webkit-keyframes slideOutUpFast{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{-webkit-transform:translateY(-1250px)}}@keyframes slideOutUpFast{0%{transform:translateY(0)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{transform:translateY(-1250px)}}#at4m-menu.slideOutUp{-webkit-animation-name:slideOutUpFast;animation-name:slideOutUpFast}@-webkit-keyframes slideOutDown{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{-webkit-transform:translateY(350px)}}@keyframes slideOutDown{0%{transform:translateY(0)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{transform:translateY(350px)}}.slideOutDown{-webkit-animation-name:slideOutDown;animation-name:slideOutDown}@-webkit-keyframes slideOutDownFast{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{-webkit-transform:translateY(1250px)}}@keyframes slideOutDownFast{0%{transform:translateY(0)}0%,to{opacity:1}to{transform:translateY(1250px)}}#at4m-menu.slideOutDown{-webkit-animation-name:slideOutDownFast;animation-name:slideOutDownFast}@-webkit-keyframes slideInLeft{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(-850px);transform:translateX(-850px)}to{-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}}@keyframes slideInLeft{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(-850px);transform:translateX(-850px)}to{-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}}.slideInLeft{-webkit-animation-name:slideInLeft;animation-name:slideInLeft}@-webkit-keyframes slideInRight{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(1250px);transform:translateX(1250px)}to{-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}}@keyframes slideInRight{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(1250px);transform:translateX(1250px)}to{-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}}.slideInRight{-webkit-animation-name:slideInRight;animation-name:slideInRight}@-webkit-keyframes slideOutLeft{0%{-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(-250px);transform:translateX(-250px)}}@keyframes slideOutLeft{0%{-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(-350px);transform:translateX(-350px)}}.slideOutLeft{-webkit-animation-name:slideOutLeft;animation-name:slideOutLeft}@-webkit-keyframes slideOutRight{0%{-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(350px);transform:translateX(350px)}}@keyframes slideOutRight{0%{-webkit-transform:translateX(0);transform:translateX(0)}to{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateX(350px);transform:translateX(350px)}}.slideOutRight{-webkit-animation-name:slideOutRight;animation-name:slideOutRight}.at4win{margin:0 auto;background:#fff;border:1px solid #ebeced;width:25pc;box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,.3);border-radius:8px;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;text-align:left;z-index:9999}.at4win .at4win-header{position:relative;border-bottom:1px solid #f2f2f2;background:#fff;height:49px;-webkit-border-top-left-radius:8px;-webkit-border-top-right-radius:8px;-moz-border-radius-topleft:8px;-moz-border-radius-topright:8px;border-top-left-radius:8px;border-top-right-radius:8px;cursor:default}.at4win .at4win-header .at-h3,.at4win .at4win-header h3{height:49px;line-height:49px;margin:0 50px 0 0;padding:1px 0 0;margin-left:20px;font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:1pc;font-weight:700;text-shadow:0 1px #fff;color:#333}.at4win .at4win-header .at-h3 img,.at4win .at4win-header h3 img{display:inline-block;margin-right:4px}.at4win .at4win-header .at4-close{display:block;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;background:url("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAIABAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAEALAAAAAAUABQAAAIzBIKpG+YMm5Enpodw1HlCfnkKOIqU1VXk55goVb2hi7Y0q95lfG70uurNaqLgTviyyUoFADs=") no-repeat center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center center;border-left:1px solid #d2d2d1;width:49px;height:49px;line-height:49px;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-9999px;text-shadow:none;cursor:pointer;opacity:.5;border:0;-webkit-transition:opacity .15s ease-in;transition:opacity .15s ease-in}.at4win .at4win-header .at4-close::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}.at4win .at4win-header .at4-close:hover{opacity:1;background-color:#ebeced;border-top-right-radius:7px}.at4win .at4win-content{position:relative;background:#fff;min-height:220px}#at4win-footer{position:relative;background:#fff;border-top:1px solid #d2d2d1;-webkit-border-bottom-right-radius:8px;-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius:8px;-moz-border-radius-bottomright:8px;-moz-border-radius-bottomleft:8px;border-bottom-right-radius:8px;border-bottom-left-radius:8px;height:11px;line-height:11px;padding:5px 20px;font-size:11px;color:#666;-ms-box-sizing:content-box;-o-box-sizing:content-box;box-sizing:content-box}#at4win-footer a{margin-right:10px;text-decoration:none;color:#666}#at4win-footer a:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#000}#at4win-footer a.at4-logo{top:5px;padding-left:10px}#at4win-footer a.at4-privacy{position:absolute;top:5px;right:10px;padding-right:14px}.at4win.ats-dark{border-color:#555;box-shadow:none}.at4win.ats-dark .at4win-header{background:#1b1b1b;-webkit-border-top-left-radius:6px;-webkit-border-top-right-radius:6px;-moz-border-radius-topleft:6px;-moz-border-radius-topright:6px;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px}.at4win.ats-dark .at4win-header .at4-close{background:url("data:image/gif;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAYAAACNiR0NAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlzAAALEgAACxIB0t1+/AAAABx0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUAQWRvYmUgRmlyZXdvcmtzIENTNui8sowAAAAWdEVYdENyZWF0aW9uIFRpbWUAMTEvMTMvMTKswDp5AAAAd0lEQVQ4jb2VQRLAIAgDE///Z3qqY1FAhalHMCsCIkVEAIAkkVgvp2lDBgYAnAyHkWotLccNrEd4A7X2TqIdqLfnWBAdaF5rJdyJfjtPH5GT37CaGhoVq3nOm/XflUuLUto2pY1d+vRKh0Pp+MrAVtDe2JkvYNQ+jVSEEFmOkggAAAAASUVORK5CYII=") no-repeat center center;background-image:url(//s7.addthis.com/static/fb08f6d50887bd0caacc86a62bcdcf68.svg),none;border-color:#333}.at4win.ats-dark .at4win-header .at4-close:hover{background-color:#000}.at4win.ats-dark .at4win-header .at-h3,.at4win.ats-dark .at4win-header h3{color:#fff;text-shadow:0 1px #000}.at4win.ats-gray .at4win-header{background:#fff;border-color:#d2d2d1;-webkit-border-top-left-radius:6px;-webkit-border-top-right-radius:6px;-moz-border-radius-topleft:6px;-moz-border-radius-topright:6px;border-top-left-radius:6px;border-top-right-radius:6px}.at4win.ats-gray .at4win-header a.at4-close{border-color:#d2d2d1}.at4win.ats-gray .at4win-header a.at4-close:hover{background-color:#ebeced}.at4win.ats-gray #at4win-footer{border-color:#ebeced}.at4win .clear{clear:both}.at4win ::selection{background:#fe6d4c;color:#fff}.at4win ::-moz-selection{background:#fe6d4c;color:#fff}.at4-icon-fw{display:inline-block;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:0 0;margin:0 5px 0 0;overflow:hidden;text-indent:-9999em;cursor:pointer;padding:0;border-radius:50%;-moz-border-radius:50%;-webkit-border-radius:50%}.at44-follow-container a.aticon{height:2pc;margin:0 5px 5px 0}.at44-follow-container .at4-icon-fw{margin:0}</style></head>

<body id="resources">
<div id="container">
<div id="header">
<div id="logo"><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/" title="Scribendi Editing and Proofreading"><span>Scribendi Editing and Proofreading</span></a></div>
<form class="keywordSearchForm no-tablet" method="get" action="https://www.scribendi.com/search">
<div class="container">
<div>
<input type="text" name="s" value="" maxlength="100" class="keywords">
<input type="submit" class="hidden" name="submit" value="Search" title="Search">
</div>
<input type="submit" class="button" value="Search" title="Search" alt="Search">
</div>
</form>

            <button data-target="#navbar-wrap" data-toggle="collapse" type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed">
            <span class="icon-bar"></span>
            <span class="icon-bar"></span>
            <span class="icon-bar"></span>
        </button>
   
<div id="tagline" class="no-tablet">
                    <div class="main">Fast, Affordable, Professional <span class="nowrap">Editing and Proofreading</span></div>
            <div class="words">Trusted with more than 1,254 million words<span class="nowrap">—Open 24/7</span></div>
</div>
</div>
            <div id="navbar-main" class="navbar navbar-default">
                <div id="navbar-wrap" class="navbar-collapse collapse">
                                            <ul id="mainMenu" class="nav navbar-nav">
    <li class="hidden">
        <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html#content" rel="section"><span>Skip the menu</span></a>
    </li>
    <li class="dropdown first">
        <a class="dropdown-toggle" aria-expanded="false" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" accesskey="1" href="https://www.scribendi.com/" title="Editing and Proofreading Services">
            Editing Services
            <span class="rmenu caret"></span>
        </a>
        <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu">
            <li class="rmenu"><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/" title="Home">Home</a></li>
            <li class="first"><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/authors.en.html" title="Editing, Proofreading, and Manuscript Services for Authors">Authors</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/academic.en.html" title="Editing and Proofreading for Students and Academics">Student/Academic</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/esl.en.html" title="English Editing and English Proofreading Services for ESL Speakers"><abbr title="English as a Second Language">ESL</abbr></a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/business.en.html" title="Editing and Proofreading Services for Business People">Business</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/corporate.en.html" title="Editing and Proofreading Services for Corporations, Governments, and Other Organizations">Corporate/Government</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/personal.en.html" title="Editing and Proofreading Services for Personal Documents">Personal</a></li>
        </ul>
    </li>
    <li class="dropdown">
        <a class="dropdown-toggle" aria-expanded="false" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" accesskey="5" href="https://www.scribendi.com/faq/" title="Frequently Asked Questions About Scribendi.com">
            FAQs
            <span class="rmenu caret"></span>
        </a>
        <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu">
            <li class="first"><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/faq/" title="All FAQs">All FAQs</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/faq/technical.en.html" title="Frequently Asked Questions about How Do I...? Technical Issues">How Do I...?</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/faq/pricing_payments_currencies.en.html" title="Frequently Asked Questions about Pricing, Payments, and Currencies">Pricing, Payments, and Currencies</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/faq/employment.en.html" title="Frequently Asked Questions about Employment Opportunities">Employment Opportunities</a></li>
        </ul>
    </li>
    <li class="dropdown">
        <a class="dropdown-toggle" aria-expanded="false" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" href="https://www.scribendi.com/customer" title="My Account">
            My Scribendi
            <span class="rmenu caret"></span>
        </a>
        <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu">
            <li class="rmenu"><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/customer" title="My Control Panel">My Control Panel</a></li>
            <li class="first"><a accesskey="6" href="https://www.scribendi.com/tracking" title="My Orders">My Orders</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/customer" title="My Account">My Account</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/register" title="Create an Account">Create an Account</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/contact" title="Contact Us">Contact Us</a></li>
        </ul>
    </li>
    <li class="dropdown current">
        <a class="dropdown-toggle" aria-expanded="false" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" href="https://www.scribendi.com/resources" title="Writing Resources">
            Writing Resources
            <span class="rmenu caret"></span>
        </a>
        <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu">
            <li class="rmenu"><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/resources" title="All Writing Resources">All Writing Resources</a></li>
            <li class="first"><a accesskey="7" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/" title="Advice and Articles">Advice and Articles</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/podcast/" title="Scribendi.com Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/bookstore" title="Books">Books</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/courses" title="Scribendi.com Training Courses">Training Courses</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/glossary.en.html" title="Scribendi.com Glossary">Glossary</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/wordcount" title="Tools">Tools</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/editing_services_api" title="Scribendi Editing Services API">API</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/links.en.html" title="Useful Sites">Useful Sites</a></li>
        </ul>
    </li>
    <li class="dropdown">
        <a class="dropdown-toggle" aria-expanded="false" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" href="https://www.scribendi.com/about.en.html" accesskey="2" title="About Us">
            About Us
            <span class="rmenu caret"></span>
        </a>
        <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu">
            <li class="first"><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/about.en.html" title="About Us">About Us</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/quality_assurance.en.html" title="Quality Assurance">Quality Assurance</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/partner_with_us.en.html" title="Partner With Us">Partner With Us</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/awards.en.html" title="Awards and Memberships">Awards</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/news" title="News and Press">News</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/testimonials" title="Client Testimonials">Testimonials</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/case_studies.en.html" title="Customer Case Studies">Case Studies</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/employment.en.html" title="Employment Opportunities">Employment</a></li>
        </ul>
    </li>
    <li>
        <a accesskey="9" href="https://www.scribendi.com/contact" title="Contact Us">Contact</a>
    </li>
</ul>

                                    </div>
            </div>


<div id="content" class="content noAttractor bs-shiv article-single">

        <div class="breadcrumb">
        You are here: &gt;
        <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/" title="Home">Home</a>
        <span>&gt;</span>
        <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/resources/" title="Resources">Resources</a>
        <span>&gt;</span>
                <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/" title="Advice and Articles">Advice and Articles</a>
                        <span class="selected">&gt;</span>
        <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html" title="How to Write an Introduction" class="selected">How to Write an Introduction</a>
    </div>

    <div class="row">

                <div class="col-sm-9">

                            <div class="page-header">
        <h1>How to Write an Introduction</h1>
            </div>

                        
                                <div class="page">
                                                            <h2><em>Advice on how to write an introduction to an essay</em></h2>
<div class="mceTmpl">
<div class="objFloatRight">
<div class="alignCenter"><img title="Our editors provide advice about how to write an essay introduction." src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/essay-introduction.jpg" alt="A pencil lying on a blue notebook with the word &quot;composition&quot; across the front." width="250" height="188"></div>
<div class="caption">Follow these helpful tips while writing your</div>
<div class="caption">next essay introduciton.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>I once had a professor tell a class that he sifted through our pile of essays, glancing at the titles and introductions, looking for something that grabbed his attention. Everything else went to the bottom of the pile to be read last, when he was tired and probably grumpy from all the marking.</p>
<p>"Don't get put at the bottom of the pile," he said.</p>
<p>We don't want you, intrepid essay writer, to be put at the bottom of the pile because of poor <a title="Essay writing." href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/essay_writing.en.html" target="_self">essay writing</a>. An introduction does exactly what its name implies: it introduces the subject of the paper to readers. But most importantly, it provides readers with a map to the overall paper. A good introduction captures readers' attention, tells them what the paper is about, and provides an <a title="How to write an outline." href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_outline.en.html" target="_self">outline</a> of what is to come. The introduction is quite possibly the most important part of an essay, but it can also be the hardest for some writers. Don't fret though; we're here to provide you with some tips and guidelines for writing introductions and staying on the top of the pile.</p>
<h3>Tips for writing an introduction</h3>
<h4>Start with a bang!</h4>
<p>If you really want to draw readers in, you have to start your introduction with something attention grabbing. This can be a startling fact, an interesting anecdote, or a relevant quote from an expert. Refer to our article about <a title="What is Front Matter?" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/front_matter.en.html" target="_self">front matter</a> for more ideas for what to include at the beginning of your work. You can even present the point you are going to argue against.</p>
<h4>Be general before you’re specific.</h4>
<p>You must provide your readers with a little background or basic information about the topic you are covering. Start with the broader subject and lead your readers to your specific topic. This is especially important when writing a <a title="Writing a book report." href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_a_book_report_part_two.en.html" target="_self">book report</a>. Show them how your topic relates to the bigger picture.</p>
<h4>Lay it on 'em.</h4>
<p>After providing your readers with some background, use your essay introduction to outline what you are going to discuss. Lay out your main points and arguments, preferably in the order in which you are going to discuss them.</p>
<h4>What's your point?</h4>
<p>The most important thing to include when writing an introduction is your thesis! A <a title="How to write a thesis statement." href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/thesis_statement.en.html" target="_self">thesis statement</a> is the main point of your paper; it is narrow, focused, and specific. A thesis can be something you are arguing for or it can be something you are arguing against. Whatever the case, be sure to include it. The thesis can come before your outline or at the very end of your essay introduction.</p>
<h4>Length matters.</h4>
<p>There is no rule for exactly how long an introduction should be. You must consider the length of your overall paper when writing your introduction. An appropriate length for a five-page essay is about half a page, but if you are writing a 40-page paper, your introduction will span several pages and multiple paragraphs.</p>
<p>Check out our <a title="An example of an introduction." href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/example_of_a_essay_introduction.en.html" target="_self">example introduction</a> to an essay to get a better understanding of how to best lay out your first paragraph. One final tip: write the introduction when it's easiest for you. Some writers find introductions extremely hard to write. It may be easier for them to write the introduction last (and maybe even write the conclusion and <a title="What is back matter?" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/what_is_back_matter.en.html" target="_self">back matter</a> first). Other writers find introductions help them find the direction of their paper and write them very early in the writing process. If you are struggling with your essay introduction, put it aside for a while and continue with the body of the paper.&nbsp;</p>
<p>--</p>
<p>Want to learn more? Check out <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00BUZ3BY6/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=B00BUZ3BY6&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;tag=chandrakclarkeco&amp;linkId=W2JA3LFK4C6Q4U7B" target="_blank">How to Write an Essay in 5 Easy Steps</a></em>, available now on Amazon in Kindle and paperback.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00BUZ3BY6/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=B00BUZ3BY6&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;tag=chandrakclarkeco&amp;linkId=W2JA3LFK4C6Q4U7B" target="_blank"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/1how_to_write_an_essay.png" alt="" width="168" height="251"></a></p>
                </div>
            
                        <div class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style addthis_32x32_style" addthis:url="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html">
    <a class="addthis_button_facebook at300b" title="Facebook" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html#"><span class="at-icon-wrapper" style="background-color: rgb(59, 89, 152); line-height: 32px; height: 32px; width: 32px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 32 32" title="Facebook" alt="Facebook" style="width: 32px; height: 32px;" class="at-icon at-icon-facebook"><g><path d="M22 5.16c-.406-.054-1.806-.16-3.43-.16-3.4 0-5.733 1.825-5.733 5.17v2.882H9v3.913h3.837V27h4.604V16.965h3.823l.587-3.913h-4.41v-2.5c0-1.123.347-1.903 2.198-1.903H22V5.16z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></g></svg></span></a>
    <a class="addthis_button_twitter at300b" title="Twitter" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html#"><span class="at-icon-wrapper" style="background-color: rgb(29, 161, 242); line-height: 32px; height: 32px; width: 32px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 32 32" title="Twitter" alt="Twitter" style="width: 32px; height: 32px;" class="at-icon at-icon-twitter"><g><path d="M27.996 10.116c-.81.36-1.68.602-2.592.71a4.526 4.526 0 0 0 1.984-2.496 9.037 9.037 0 0 1-2.866 1.095 4.513 4.513 0 0 0-7.69 4.116 12.81 12.81 0 0 1-9.3-4.715 4.49 4.49 0 0 0-.612 2.27 4.51 4.51 0 0 0 2.008 3.755 4.495 4.495 0 0 1-2.044-.564v.057a4.515 4.515 0 0 0 3.62 4.425 4.52 4.52 0 0 1-2.04.077 4.517 4.517 0 0 0 4.217 3.134 9.055 9.055 0 0 1-5.604 1.93A9.18 9.18 0 0 1 6 23.85a12.773 12.773 0 0 0 6.918 2.027c8.3 0 12.84-6.876 12.84-12.84 0-.195-.005-.39-.014-.583a9.172 9.172 0 0 0 2.252-2.336" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></g></svg></span></a>
    <a class="addthis_button_print addthis_button_preferred_1 at300b" title="Print" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html#"><span class="at-icon-wrapper" style="background-color: rgb(115, 138, 141); line-height: 32px; height: 32px; width: 32px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 32 32" title="Print" alt="Print" style="width: 32px; height: 32px;" class="at-icon at-icon-print"><g><path d="M24.67 10.62h-2.86V7.49H10.82v3.12H7.95c-.5 0-.9.4-.9.9v7.66h3.77v1.31L15 24.66h6.81v-5.44h3.77v-7.7c-.01-.5-.41-.9-.91-.9zM11.88 8.56h8.86v2.06h-8.86V8.56zm10.98 9.18h-1.05v-2.1h-1.06v7.96H16.4c-1.58 0-.82-3.74-.82-3.74s-3.65.89-3.69-.78v-3.43h-1.06v2.06H9.77v-3.58h13.09v3.61zm.75-4.91c-.4 0-.72-.32-.72-.72s.32-.72.72-.72c.4 0 .72.32.72.72s-.32.72-.72.72zm-4.12 2.96h-6.1v1.06h6.1v-1.06zm-6.11 3.15h6.1v-1.06h-6.1v1.06z"></path></g></svg></span></a>
    <a class="addthis_button_email addthis_button_preferred_2 at300b" target="_blank" title="Email" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html#"><span class="at-icon-wrapper" style="background-color: rgb(132, 132, 132); line-height: 32px; height: 32px; width: 32px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 32 32" title="Email" alt="Email" style="width: 32px; height: 32px;" class="at-icon at-icon-email"><g><g fill-rule="evenodd"></g><path d="M27 22.757c0 1.24-.988 2.243-2.19 2.243H7.19C5.98 25 5 23.994 5 22.757V13.67c0-.556.39-.773.855-.496l8.78 5.238c.782.467 1.95.467 2.73 0l8.78-5.238c.472-.28.855-.063.855.495v9.087z"></path><path d="M27 9.243C27 8.006 26.02 7 24.81 7H7.19C5.988 7 5 8.004 5 9.243v.465c0 .554.385 1.232.857 1.514l9.61 5.733c.267.16.8.16 1.067 0l9.61-5.733c.473-.283.856-.96.856-1.514v-.465z"></path></g></svg></span></a>
    <a class="addthis_button_pinterest_share addthis_button_preferred_3 at300b" target="_blank" title="Pinterest" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html#"><span class="at-icon-wrapper" style="background-color: rgb(203, 32, 39); line-height: 32px; height: 32px; width: 32px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 32 32" title="Pinterest" alt="Pinterest" style="width: 32px; height: 32px;" class="at-icon at-icon-pinterest_share"><g><path d="M7 13.252c0 1.81.772 4.45 2.895 5.045.074.014.178.04.252.04.49 0 .772-1.27.772-1.63 0-.428-1.174-1.34-1.174-3.123 0-3.705 3.028-6.33 6.947-6.33 3.37 0 5.863 1.782 5.863 5.058 0 2.446-1.054 7.035-4.468 7.035-1.232 0-2.286-.83-2.286-2.018 0-1.742 1.307-3.43 1.307-5.225 0-1.092-.67-1.977-1.916-1.977-1.692 0-2.732 1.77-2.732 3.165 0 .774.104 1.63.476 2.336-.683 2.736-2.08 6.814-2.08 9.633 0 .87.135 1.728.224 2.6l.134.137.207-.07c2.494-3.178 2.405-3.8 3.533-7.96.61 1.077 2.182 1.658 3.43 1.658 5.254 0 7.614-4.77 7.614-9.067C26 7.987 21.755 5 17.094 5 12.017 5 7 8.15 7 13.252z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></g></svg></span></a>
    <a class="addthis_button_compact at300m" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html#"><span class="at-icon-wrapper" style="background-color: rgb(255, 101, 80); line-height: 32px; height: 32px; width: 32px;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" viewBox="0 0 32 32" title="More" alt="More" style="width: 32px; height: 32px;" class="at-icon at-icon-addthis"><g><path d="M18 14V8h-4v6H8v4h6v6h4v-6h6v-4h-6z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path></g></svg></span></a>
    <a class="addthis_counter addthis_bubble_style" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html#" style="display: inline-block;"><a class="addthis_button_expanded" target="_blank" title="More" href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_introduction.en.html#">42</a><a class="atc_s addthis_button_compact">Share<span></span></a></a>
<div class="atclear"></div></div>

                        
    <div class="related-articles">

        <h3>Related Articles</h3>

        <div class="articles-index">
                                            <div class="article" title="Essay Writing: Traffic Signals for the Reader" style="cursor: pointer;">
                    <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/essay_writing.en.html" title="Essay Writing: Traffic Signals for the Reader">
                                                    <img src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/Essay-Writing_Traffic-Signals-for-the-Reader_photo_FINALIZED_100x100.jpg" class="pull-left article-thumb" alt="Essay Writing: Traffic Signals for the Reader">
                                            </a>
                    <div class="article-content">
                        <div class="article-type article-type-article">
                                                            <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-book"></span>
                                                    </div>
                                                <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/essay_writing.en.html" title="Essay Writing: Traffic Signals for the Reader" class="article-title" data-click-zone=".article">Essay Writing: Traffic Signals for the Reader</a>
                        <p>You're writing an essay, and you want a good grade, or at least to make yourself understood. How can you make this easier for your reader?</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                                            <div class="article" title="How to Write a Book Report" style="cursor: pointer;">
                    <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_a_book_report_part_one.en.html" title="How to Write a Book Report">
                                                    <img src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/How_to_Write_A_Book_Report_PartOne_photo_FINALIZED_100x100.jpg" class="pull-left article-thumb" alt="How to Write a Book Report">
                                            </a>
                    <div class="article-content">
                        <div class="article-type article-type-article">
                                                            <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-book"></span>
                                                    </div>
                                                <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_a_book_report_part_one.en.html" title="How to Write a Book Report" class="article-title" data-click-zone=".article">How to Write a Book Report</a>
                        <p>Writing a book report can be a difficult task that requires you to deal with a large amount of information in a relatively small space. But don't be discouraged—in this article we outline how to prepare for your book report and in our later article we discuss how to write a book report.</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                                            <div class="article" title="How to Write a Report on a Book" style="cursor: pointer;">
                    <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_a_book_report_part_two.en.html" title="How to Write a Report on a Book">
                                                    <img src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/How_to_Write_A_Book_Report_PartTwo_photo_FINALIZED_100x100.jpg" class="pull-left article-thumb" alt="How to Write a Report on a Book">
                                            </a>
                    <div class="article-content">
                        <div class="article-type article-type-article">
                                                            <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-book"></span>
                                                    </div>
                                                <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_a_book_report_part_two.en.html" title="How to Write a Report on a Book" class="article-title" data-click-zone=".article">How to Write a Report on a Book</a>
                        <p>We have already provided students with useful tips on the importance of taking notes when reading a novel for a book report. Now it's time to put those notes into action and start writing a book report.</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                                            <div class="article" title="How to Write an Outline" style="cursor: pointer;">
                    <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_outline.en.html" title="How to Write an Outline">
                                                    <img src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/How_to_write_an_outline_photo_FINALIZED_100x100.jpg" class="pull-left article-thumb" alt="How to Write an Outline">
                                            </a>
                    <div class="article-content">
                        <div class="article-type article-type-article">
                                                            <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-book"></span>
                                                    </div>
                                                <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/how_to_write_an_outline.en.html" title="How to Write an Outline" class="article-title" data-click-zone=".article">How to Write an Outline</a>
                        <p>You've come up with the perfect thesis or essay topic, you've done plenty of research, and know everything that there is to know about your topic, and yet you can't seem to put pen to paper. This is where an outline comes in.</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                    </div>
    </div>


                        <p style="margin-bottom: 25px;">
                                    <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/" title="Advice and Articles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">
                        <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-left"></span>
                        &nbsp;Back to Advice and Articles
                    </a>
                            </p>

        </div>

                <div class="col-sm-3">
                                                                    <!-- Article Types -->
<div class="widget widget-article-types">
    <h3 style="margin-top: 5px;">Article Types</h3>
    <ul>
        <li>
            <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/">
                <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-book"></span>
                &nbsp;Articles &amp; Advice
            </a>
        </li>
        <li>
            <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/podcast/">
                <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-headphones"></span>
                &nbsp;Podcasts
            </a>
        </li>
    </ul>
</div>
<!-- Categories -->
<div class="widget widget-article-categories">
    <h3>
                    Article Categories
            </h3>
    <ul>
                    <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/authors">Authors</a></li>
                        <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/business">Business People</a></li>
                        <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/corporate">Corporations, Governments, Institutions</a></li>
                        <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/esl">English as a Second Language</a></li>
                        <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/personal">Personal</a></li>
                        <li><a href="https://www.scribendi.com/advice/students">Students and Academics</a></li>
                </ul>
</div>
<div class="widget widget-email-list"><h3>Newsletter</h3>
    <form id="joinlist" method="post" accept-charset="UTF-8" action="https://www.aweber.com/scripts/addlead.pl">
        <input type="hidden" name="meta_web_form_id" value="1896498532">
        <input type="hidden" name="meta_split_id" value="">
        <input type="hidden" name="listname" value="grammaradvice">
        <input type="hidden" name="redirect" value="https://www.aweber.com/thankyou-coi.htm?m=text">
        <input type="hidden" name="meta_adtracking" value="New_Grammar_List_Form">
        <input type="hidden" name="meta_message" value="1">
        <input type="hidden" name="meta_required" value="name,email">
        <input type="hidden" name="meta_tooltip" value="">
        <fieldset>
        <p>Get free grammar tips straight to your inbox every week.</p>
        <div class="form-group">
            <label class="control-label sr-only" for="nameinput">Name</label>
            <div class="input-group">
              <div class="input-group-addon"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-user"></span>
              </div>
              <input id="nameinput" name="name" type="text" placeholder="Your Name" class="form-control input-sm" required="required">
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="form-group">
            <label class="control-label sr-only" for="emailinput">Email Address</label>
            <div class="input-group">
                <div class="input-group-addon">@</div>
                <input id="emailinput" name="email" type="email" placeholder="user@domain.com" class="form-control input-sm" required="required">
            </div>
            <p class="help-block">We respect your <a title="Privacy Policy" href="https://www.aweber.com/permission.htm" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">email privacy</a></p>
        </div>
        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-success"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-envelope"></span> Subscribe</button>
        </fieldset>
    <div style="display: none;"><img src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/displays.htm" alt="" height="0" width="0"></div></form>
</div>


    <!-- Feeds -->
    <div class="widget widget-article-categories">
    <h3>
                    RSS
                Feeds
    </h3>
    <ul>
                    <li>
                <a href="http://www.scribendi.com/advice/index.rss" rel="nofollow">
                    RSS 1.0
                </a>
            </li>
            <li>
                <a href="http://www.scribendi.com/advice/index.rss2" rel="nofollow">
                    RSS 2.0
                </a>
            </li>
            <li>
                <a href="http://www.scribendi.com/advice/index.atom" rel="nofollow">
                    Atom 1.0
                </a>
            </li>
            </ul>
</div>

<!-- Tags -->
    <div class="widget widget-tags">
        <h3>Tags</h3>
                    <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/tag/essay" rel="tag" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs" title="View resources tagged with essay">essay</a>
                    <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/tag/essay%20writing" rel="tag" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs" title="View resources tagged with essay writing">essay writing</a>
                    <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/tag/fiction%20writing" rel="tag" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs" title="View resources tagged with fiction writing">fiction writing</a>
                    <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/tag/how%20to%20write%20an%20introduction" rel="tag" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs" title="View resources tagged with how to write an introduction">how to write an introduction</a>
                    <a href="https://www.scribendi.com/tag/writing%20advice" rel="tag" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs" title="View resources tagged with writing advice">writing advice</a>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>

</div>





<div id="assurance">
<a href="http://www.bbb.org/western-ontario/business-reviews/proofreading/scribendi-in-chatham-on-1050638#sealclick" title="Scribendi.com - BBB Accredited Business Verification" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><img src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/better_business.png" alt="BBB Accredited Business" id="bbSeal"></a>
<a href="http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/our-services/certification/certificate-and-client-directory/search-results/?searchkey=licence%3d549441&amp;licencenumber=FS%20549441" title="Quality Assurance - Scribendi is ISO 9001:2008 Certified" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" onclick="window.open(this.href, &#39;bsi&#39;,&#39;height=560,width=760&#39;).focus(); return false;"><img src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/iso-9001-quality-50x108.png" alt="Quality Assurance - Scribendi is ISO 9001:2008 Certified" id="isoSeal"></a>

<script type="text/javascript">
u1 = "https://trustsealinfo.websecurity.norton.com/splash?form_file=fdf/splash.fdf&dn=www.scribendi.com&lang=en";
var sopener;
function symcBuySSL() {
    var win = window.open("https://www.symantec.com/page.jsp?id=ssl-information-center", '_blank');
    win.focus();
}
function vrsn_splash() {
    if (sopener && !sopener.closed) {
        sopener.focus();
    } else {
        tbar = "location=yes,status=yes,resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,width=560,height=500";
        var sw = window.open(u1, 'VRSN_Splash', tbar);
        if (sw) {
            sw.focus();
            sopener = sw;
        }
    }
}

function v_mact(e) {
    var s;
    s = (e.target.name == "seal");
    if (s) {
        vrsn_splash();
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}
if (document.addEventListener) {
    document.addEventListener('mouseup', v_mact, true);
}
</script>

<img name="seal" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/nortonseal.gif" oncontextmenu="return false;" border="0" usemap="#sealmap" alt="Norton Secured - This site uses SSL encryption to protect your data.">
<map name="sealmap">
<area alt="Click to Verify - This site has chosen an SSL Certificate to improve Web site security" title="" href="javascript:vrsn_splash()" shape="rect" coords="0,0,100,50" tabindex="-1" style="outline:none;">
<area alt="Click to Verify - This site has chosen an SSL Certificate to improve Web site security" title="" href="javascript:vrsn_splash()" shape="rect" coords="0,50,53,72" tabindex="-1" style="outline:none;">
<area alt="" title="" href="javascript:symcBuySSL()" shape="rect" coords="53,50,100,72" style="outline:none;">
</map>
</div>
<div id="footer">
                <p class="footer-links floatRight">
                    <a title="Editing Services" href="https://www.scribendi.com/editing_services.en.html">Editing Services</a>
                    |
                    <a title="Proofreading" href="https://www.scribendi.com/proofreading.en.html">Proofreading</a>
                    |
                    <a title="Terms of Use" href="https://www.scribendi.com/terms.en.html">Terms of Use</a>
                    |
                    <a title="Privacy Policy" accesskey="8" href="https://www.scribendi.com/privacy.en.html">Privacy Policy</a>
                    |
                    <a title="Accessibility" accesskey="0" href="https://www.scribendi.com/accesskeys.en.html">Accessibility</a>
                    |
                    <a title="Site Map" accesskey="3" href="https://www.scribendi.com/map">Site Map</a>
                </p>
<p class="copyright">
© Copyright Scribendi Inc. 1997–2017.
                </p>
                                            <p class="floatRight social-icons clear">
                            <span>
                                <a class="follow" id="fb" title="Follow Scribendi on Facebook." href="http://www.facebook.com/ScribendiInc" target="_blank"><span>Facebook</span></a>
                                <a class="follow" id="tw" title="Follow Scribendi on Twitter." href="https://twitter.com/intent/user?screen_name=Scribendi_Inc" target="_blank" onclick="window.open(this.href,&#39;intent&#39;,&#39;scrollbars=yes,resizable=yes,toolbar=no,location=yes,width=550,height=450&#39;); return false"><span>Twitter</span></a>
                                <a class="follow" id="gp" title="Follow Scribendi on Google+" href="https://plus.google.com/109383969635415250457?prsrc=3" target="_blank" rel="publisher"><span>Google+</span></a>
                            </span>
                        </p>
                                        <img alt="Scribendi.com accepts Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Discover, Diners Club, and JCB Cards securely online. Scribendi.com also accepts other online and offline payments, including AliPay and PayPal." src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/payment_logos.png" id="ccards" class="floatLeft">
<div class="clear"></div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/jquery.min.5650.js.download"></script>
<script src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/bootstrap.menu.min.5650.js.download"></script>

<script type="text/javascript">//<![CDATA[
        (function($) {
            var delay = 500, timer = null, menu = $('#mainMenu'), topItems = menu.children('li:not(.hidden)');
            topItems
                .on('mouseenter focusin touchstart', function() {
                    clearTimeout(timer);
                    topItems.removeClass('hover');
                    menu.addClass('hover');
                    $(this).addClass('hover');
                })
                .on('mouseleave focusout', function() {
                    timer = setTimeout(function() {
                        topItems.removeClass('hover');
                        menu.removeClass('hover');
                    }, delay);
                });
        })(jQuery);

    var addthis_config={pubid:'scribendi',ui_delay:150};var addthis_share={templates:{twitter:"Check out '{{title}}' {{url}} via @Scribendi_Inc"}};
    $(window).on('load',function(){d=document;a=d.createElement('script');a.src='//s7.addthis.com/js/250/addthis_widget.js';d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);});

$('#joinlist').on('submit', function() {
    if (!!window.fbq) {
        window.fbq('track', 'Lead');
    }
});
$(function() {
  $('#joinlist').append('<div style="display: none;"><img src="https://forms.aweber.com/form/displays.htm?id=jBycbCycHKzMTA==" alt="" height="0" width="0"></div>');
});

        (function($,w,d){
            $('a[data-click-zone]').each(function() {
                var a = $(this), h = this.href || !1, z = a.closest(a.data('clickZone'));
                z.attr('title', this.title).css({cursor:'pointer'}).on('mouseenter focusin touchstart', function() { z.addClass('hover'); }).on('mouseleave focusout touchend', function() { z.removeClass('hover'); }).click(function() {
                    var t=!1;w.getSelection?t=w.getSelection().toString():d.getSelection?t=d.getSelection():d.selection&&(t=d.selection.createRange().text);""==t&&(w.location=h);
                });
            });
        })(jQuery,window,document);
//]]></script>



<div style="width:0px; height:0px; display:none; visibility:hidden;" id="batBeacon0.4122562334782729"><img style="width:0px; height:0px; display:none; visibility:hidden;" id="batBeacon0.5786135342672791" width="0" height="0" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/0" alt=""><img style="width:0px; height:0px; display:none; visibility:hidden;" id="batBeacon0.34594968133931014" width="0" height="0" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/0(1)" alt=""></div><div id="_atssh" style="visibility: hidden; height: 1px; width: 1px; position: absolute; top: -9999px; z-index: 100000;"><iframe id="_atssh636" title="AddThis utility frame" src="./How to Write an Introduction _ Scribendi.com_files/sh.92bb263c60d77a822f41d4b0.html" style="height: 1px; width: 1px; position: absolute; top: 0px; z-index: 100000; border: 0px; left: 0px;"></iframe></div><style id="service-icons-0"></style></body></html>Scribendi.com_files/sh.92bb263c60d77a822f41d4b0.html" style="height: 1px; width: 1px; position: absolute; top: 0px; z-index: 100000; border: 0px; left: 0px;"></iframe></div><style id="service-icons-0"></style></body></html>